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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States. Established by Article III of the Constitution, the detailed structure of the court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789. Congress specified the Court's original and appellate jurisdiction, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court. The number of justices on the Supreme Court was changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869. A total of 115 persons have served on the Supreme Court since 1789. Justices have life tenure, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are impeached and removed from office.
The graphical timeline below lists the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition. As Supreme Court historians categorize eras in the court's history by the name of the presiding chief justice, the timeline is divided into sections, according to who was chief justice at the time. The incumbent associate justices at the start of each court era are listed in order of their seniority at that time. Justices joining the court during an era are listed below them in the order of their appointment. The bars are color-coded to show the changes in seniority among the justices during each era.
List of justices
Jay Court
The Jay Court era, under the leadership of John Jay, lasted from February 2, 1790, when the court held its inaugural session, to June 29, 1795. The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of Supreme Court justices at six: one chief justice and five associate justices. Eight justices served during this court.
Note: The red vertical line denotes September 24, 1789, the date on which the U.S. federal judiciary was established by Congress. The green vertical line denotes February 2, 1790, the date on which the U.S. Supreme Court convened for the first time. Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice
Rutledge Court
The Rutledge Court era, under the leadership of John Rutledge, lasted from August 12, 1795, when Rutledge received a recess appointment from President Washington to serve as chief justice, through late-December 1795, following the U.S. Senate's rejection of his nomination to a lifetime appointment to the chief justice position. Rutledge had previously served on the Court from 1790 to 1791 as an associate justice. Six justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice
Ellsworth Court
The Ellsworth Court era, under the leadership of Oliver Ellsworth, lasted from March 8, 1796 to December 15, 1800. Eight justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice
Marshall Court
Note: + denotes new seat Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice
Taney Court
The Taney Court era, under the leadership of Roger Taney, lasted from March 28, 1836 to October 12, 1864. Two associate justice seats were added to the court in 1837, as a result of the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act; another one was added in 1863, by the Tenth Circuit Act, enlarging the court to 10 justices; 20 justices served during this court.
Note: + denotes new seat Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice • 9th assoc. justice
Chase Court
The Chase Court era, under the leadership of Salmon P. Chase. lasted from December 15, 1864 to May 7, 1873. Two associate justice seats were abolished as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866, which provided for the gradual elimination of seats on the court until there would be seven justices. The size of the court was later restored to nine members through the Judiciary Act of 1869; 13 justices served during this court.
Note: + denotes new seat; − denotes abolished seat Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice • 9th assoc. justice
Waite Court
The Waite Court era, under the leadership of Morrison Waite, lasted from March 4, 1874 to March 23, 1888; 15 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Fuller Court
The Fuller Court era, under the leadership of Melville Fuller, lasted from October 10, 1888 to July 4, 1910; 20 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
White Court
The White Court era, under the leadership of Edward Douglass White, lasted from December 19, 1910 to May 19, 1921. White had been an associate Supreme Court justice for 16 years, 282 days at the time of his appointment as chief justice; 13 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Taft Court
The Taft Court era, under the leadership of William Howard Taft, lasted from July 11, 1921 to February 3, 1930; 13 justices served during this court. Taft was also the nation's 27th president (1909–13), and is the only person to serve as both President of the United States and Chief Justice of the United States.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Hughes Court
The Hughes Court era, under the leadership of Charles Evans Hughes, lasted from February 24, 1930 to June 30, 1941. Hughes had previously served on the Court from 1910 to 1916 as an associate justice; 16 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Stone Court
The Stone Court era, under the leadership of Harlan F. Stone, lasted from July 3, 1941 to April 22, 1946. Stone had been an associate Supreme Court justice for 16 years, 123 days at the time of his appointment as chief justice; 11 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Vinson Court
The Vinson Court era, under the leadership of Fred M. Vinson, lasted from June 24, 1946 to September 8, 1953: 11 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Warren Court
The Warren Court era, under the leadership of Earl Warren, lasted from October 5, 1953, after Warren received a recess appointment from President Eisenhower to serve as chief justice, to June 23, 1969; 17 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Burger Court
The Burger Court era, under the leadership of Warren E. Burger, lasted from June 23, 1969 to September 26, 1986; 13 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Rehnquist Court
The Rehnquist Court era, under the leadership of William Rehnquist, lasted from September 26, 1986 to September 3, 2005. Rehnquist had been an associate Supreme Court justice for 14 years, 285 days at the time of his appointment as chief justice; 14 justices served during this court.
Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
Roberts Court
The Roberts Court era, under the leadership of John Roberts, began September 29, 2005, and is ongoing; 16 justices have served during this court.
Note: The bronze vertical line denotes "now" (April 2025). Seniority key:
Chief justice • 1st assoc. justice • 2nd assoc. justice • 3rd assoc. justice • 4th assoc. justice • 5th assoc justice • 6th assoc. justice • 7th assoc. justice • 8th assoc. justice
See also
- History of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Timeline of justices, graphical timeline depicting the progression of the justices (justices to justice succession) on the Supreme Court
External links
- Decisions and biography by Justice – Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School, Ithaca, New York
- History of the Court – The Supreme Court Historical Society, Washington, D.C.
References
- "The Court as an Institution". www.supremecourt.gov. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on December 7, 2020. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
- "10 fascinating facts about the Supreme Court on its birthday". Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center. September 24, 2017. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
- Hodak, George (February 1, 2011). "February 2, 1790: Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session". abajournal.com. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association. Archived from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- "John Jay, 1789-1795". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- "Landmark Legislation: Judiciary Act of 1789". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- "John Rutledge, 1795". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- "Landmark Legislation: Seventh Circuit". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- "Landmark Legislation: Eighth and Ninth Circuits". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- "Landmark Legislation: Tenth Circuit". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- "Landmark Legislation: Reorganization of the Judicial Circuits". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- "Landmark Legislation: Circuit Judgeships". Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 7, 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
- "Edward Douglass White, 1910-1921". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- "Charles Evans Hughes, 1930-1941". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- "Warren sworn in as U.S. chief justice". The Sacramento Bee. May 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
- "Earl Warren, 1953-1969". Washington, D.C.: The Supreme Court Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest ranking judicial body in the United States Established by Article III of the Constitution the detailed structure of the court was laid down by the 1st United States Congress in 1789 Congress specified the Court s original and appellate jurisdiction created 13 judicial districts and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court The number of justices on the Supreme Court was changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869 A total of 115 persons have served on the Supreme Court since 1789 Justices have life tenure and so they serve until they die in office resign or retire or are impeached and removed from office The graphical timeline below lists the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition As Supreme Court historians categorize eras in the court s history by the name of the presiding chief justice the timeline is divided into sections according to who was chief justice at the time The incumbent associate justices at the start of each court era are listed in order of their seniority at that time Justices joining the court during an era are listed below them in the order of their appointment The bars are color coded to show the changes in seniority among the justices during each era List of justicesJay Court The Jay Court era under the leadership of John Jay lasted from February 2 1790 when the court held its inaugural session to June 29 1795 The Judiciary Act of 1789 set the number of Supreme Court justices at six one chief justice and five associate justices Eight justices served during this court Note The red vertical line denotes September 24 1789 the date on which the U S federal judiciary was established by Congress The green vertical line denotes February 2 1790 the date on which the U S Supreme Court convened for the first time Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice Rutledge Court The Rutledge Court era under the leadership of John Rutledge lasted from August 12 1795 when Rutledge received a recess appointment from President Washington to serve as chief justice through late December 1795 following the U S Senate s rejection of his nomination to a lifetime appointment to the chief justice position Rutledge had previously served on the Court from 1790 to 1791 as an associate justice Six justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice Ellsworth Court The Ellsworth Court era under the leadership of Oliver Ellsworth lasted from March 8 1796 to December 15 1800 Eight justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice Marshall Court The Marshall Court era lasted from February 4 1801 to July 6 1835 In 1807 Congress passed the Seventh Circuit Act which added a sixth associate justice to the Supreme Court 16 justices served during this court Note denotes new seat Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice Taney Court The Taney Court era under the leadership of Roger Taney lasted from March 28 1836 to October 12 1864 Two associate justice seats were added to the court in 1837 as a result of the Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act another one was added in 1863 by the Tenth Circuit Act enlarging the court to 10 justices 20 justices served during this court Note denotes new seat Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice 9th assoc justice Chase Court The Chase Court era under the leadership of Salmon P Chase lasted from December 15 1864 to May 7 1873 Two associate justice seats were abolished as a result of the Judicial Circuits Act of 1866 which provided for the gradual elimination of seats on the court until there would be seven justices The size of the court was later restored to nine members through the Judiciary Act of 1869 13 justices served during this court Note denotes new seat denotes abolished seat Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice 9th assoc justice Waite Court The Waite Court era under the leadership of Morrison Waite lasted from March 4 1874 to March 23 1888 15 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Fuller Court The Fuller Court era under the leadership of Melville Fuller lasted from October 10 1888 to July 4 1910 20 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice White Court The White Court era under the leadership of Edward Douglass White lasted from December 19 1910 to May 19 1921 White had been an associate Supreme Court justice for 16 years 282 days at the time of his appointment as chief justice 13 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Taft Court The Taft Court era under the leadership of William Howard Taft lasted from July 11 1921 to February 3 1930 13 justices served during this court Taft was also the nation s 27th president 1909 13 and is the only person to serve as both President of the United States and Chief Justice of the United States Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Hughes Court The Hughes Court era under the leadership of Charles Evans Hughes lasted from February 24 1930 to June 30 1941 Hughes had previously served on the Court from 1910 to 1916 as an associate justice 16 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Stone Court The Stone Court era under the leadership of Harlan F Stone lasted from July 3 1941 to April 22 1946 Stone had been an associate Supreme Court justice for 16 years 123 days at the time of his appointment as chief justice 11 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Vinson Court The Vinson Court era under the leadership of Fred M Vinson lasted from June 24 1946 to September 8 1953 11 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Warren Court The Warren Court era under the leadership of Earl Warren lasted from October 5 1953 after Warren received a recess appointment from President Eisenhower to serve as chief justice to June 23 1969 17 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Burger Court The Burger Court era under the leadership of Warren E Burger lasted from June 23 1969 to September 26 1986 13 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Rehnquist Court The Rehnquist Court era under the leadership of William Rehnquist lasted from September 26 1986 to September 3 2005 Rehnquist had been an associate Supreme Court justice for 14 years 285 days at the time of his appointment as chief justice 14 justices served during this court Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justice Roberts Court The Roberts Court era under the leadership of John Roberts began September 29 2005 and is ongoing 16 justices have served during this court Note The bronze vertical line denotes now April 2025 Seniority key Chief justice 1st assoc justice 2nd assoc justice 3rd assoc justice 4th assoc justice 5th assoc justice 6th assoc justice 7th assoc justice 8th assoc justiceSee alsoHistory of the Supreme Court of the United States Timeline of justices graphical timeline depicting the progression of the justices justices to justice succession on the Supreme CourtExternal linksDecisions and biography by Justice Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School Ithaca New York History of the Court The Supreme Court Historical Society Washington D C References The Court as an Institution www supremecourt gov Supreme Court of the United States Archived from the original on December 7 2020 Retrieved January 25 2018 10 fascinating facts about the Supreme Court on its birthday Philadelphia Pennsylvania National Constitution Center September 24 2017 Archived from the original on January 31 2018 Retrieved January 30 2018 Hodak George February 1 2011 February 2 1790 Supreme Court Holds Inaugural Session abajournal com Chicago Illinois American Bar Association Archived from the original on December 3 2020 Retrieved December 7 2018 John Jay 1789 1795 Washington D C The Supreme Court Historical Society Archived from the original on December 10 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018 Landmark Legislation Judiciary Act of 1789 Washington D C Federal Judicial Center Archived from the original on October 5 2017 Retrieved January 28 2018 John Rutledge 1795 Washington D C The Supreme Court Historical Society Archived from the original on November 30 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018 Landmark Legislation Seventh Circuit Washington D C Federal Judicial Center Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved January 28 2018 Landmark Legislation Eighth and Ninth Circuits Washington D C Federal Judicial Center Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved January 28 2018 Landmark Legislation Tenth Circuit Washington D C Federal Judicial Center Archived from the original on October 4 2017 Retrieved January 28 2018 Landmark Legislation Reorganization of the Judicial Circuits Washington D C Federal Judicial Center Archived from the original on January 23 2018 Retrieved January 28 2018 Landmark Legislation Circuit Judgeships Washington D C Federal Judicial Center Archived from the original on May 7 2017 Retrieved January 28 2018 Edward Douglass White 1910 1921 Washington D C The Supreme Court Historical Society Archived from the original on December 10 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018 Charles Evans Hughes 1930 1941 Washington D C The Supreme Court Historical Society Archived from the original on December 10 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018 Warren sworn in as U S chief justice The Sacramento Bee May 19 2017 Archived from the original on December 10 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018 Earl Warren 1953 1969 Washington D C The Supreme Court Historical Society Archived from the original on December 5 2018 Retrieved December 7 2018