The 1866–67 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 4, 1866, and September 6, 1867. They occurred during President Andrew Johnson's term just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives. Members were elected before or after the first session of the 40th United States Congress convened on March 4, 1867, including the at-large seat from the new state of Nebraska. Ten secessionist states still had not yet been readmitted, and therefore were not seated.
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All 224 seats in the United States House of Representatives 113 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() House election results map. Red represents seats won by the Republicans and blue denotes those won by the Democrats. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era, in which President Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished white South.
Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital. A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in, the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated.
Background
Johnson, a War Democrat, had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. (The Republicans had chosen not to re-nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as vice president).
Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party, which brought together Republicans (with the exception of some hard-line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C. Frémont, who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln) and the War Democrats (the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln's prosecution of the war, as opposed to the Peace Democrats, or Copperheads, who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates).
After the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson became president. He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction; Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction, while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen (the newly freed slaves) civil rights (and the right to vote).
Campaign and results
Johnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle; he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received.
The Republicans won in a landslide, capturing enough seats to override Johnson's vetoes. Only the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky voted for Democrats. Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation. The other 10 ex-Confederate states did not vote. As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives, the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress. The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s.
Election summaries
Seven secessionist states were readmitted during this Congress, filling 32 vacancies, but are not included in this table if they were not elected within 1866 through 1867.
44 | 4 | 147 |
Democratic | Republican |
State | Type | Date | Total seats | Democratic | Conservative | Republican | Others | ||||
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Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | ||||
Oregon | At-large | June 4, 1866 | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Vermont | Districts | Sep 4, 1866 | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Maine | Districts | Sep 10, 1866 | 5 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Indiana | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 11 | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 8 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Iowa | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 6 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 6 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Nebraska | At-large | Oct 9, 1866 | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Ohio | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 19 | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 17 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania | Districts | Oct 9, 1866 | 24 | 6 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 18 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
West Virginia | Districts | Oct 25, 1866 | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Delaware | At-large | Nov 6, 1866 (Election Day) | 1 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Illinois | District + 1 at-large | 14 | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 11 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Kansas | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Maryland | Districts | 5 | 3 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Massachusetts | Districts | 10 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 10 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Michigan | Districts | 6 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 6 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Minnesota | Districts | 2 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Missouri | Districts | 9 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 8 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Nevada | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
New Jersey | Districts | 5 | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
New York | Districts | 31 | 10 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 21 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Wisconsin | Districts | 6 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |
Late elections (after the March 4, 1867 beginning of Congress) | |||||||||||
New Hampshire | Districts | Mar 12, 1867 | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Connecticut | Districts | Apr 1, 1867 | 4 | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Rhode Island | Districts | Apr 3, 1867 | 2 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Kentucky | Districts | May 4, 1867 | 9 | 7 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Tennessee | Districts | Aug 3, 1867 | 8 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 8 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
California | Districts | Sep 6, 1867 | 3 | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Secessionist states not yet readmitted | |||||||||||
Alabama | Districts | — | 6 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Arkansas | Districts | — | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Florida | At-large | — | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Georgia | Districts | — | 7 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Louisiana | Districts | — | 5 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Mississippi | Districts | — | 5 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
North Carolina | Districts | — | 7 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
South Carolina | Districts | — | 4 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Texas | Districts | — | 4 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Virginia | Districts | — | 8 | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Total | 193 | 44 22.8% | ![]() | 1 0.5% | ![]() | 147 76.2% | ![]() | 0 0.0% | ![]() |

The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas's rejected elections are unknown.
Special elections
39th Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kentucky 5 | Lovell Rousseau | Unconditional Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent resigned July 21, 1866 following his assault of Josiah Grinnell. Incumbent re-elected September 15, 1866. Unconditional Unionist hold. |
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Kentucky 6 | Green C. Smith | Unconditional Unionist | 1861 | Incumbent resigned July 13, 1866 to become Governor of Montana Territory. New member elected September 15, 1866. Democratic gain. |
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Kentucky 3 | Henry Grider | Democratic | 1861 | Incumbent died September 7, 1866. New member elected October 6, 1866. Democratic hold. |
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New York 3 | James Humphrey | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent died June 16, 1866. New member elected November 6, 1866. Democratic gain. |
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40th Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Kentucky 3 | Elijah Hise | Democratic | 1866 (special) | Incumbent died May 6, 1867. New member elected August 5, 1867. Democratic hold. |
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Ohio 2 | Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent resigned July 20, 1867 to run for Governor of Ohio. New member elected October 8, 1867. Independent Republican gain. |
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Pennsylvania 12 | Charles Denison | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent died June 27, 1867. New member elected October 8, 1867. Democratic hold. |
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Missouri 3 | Thomas E. Noell | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent died October 3, 1867. New member elected November 5, 1867. Democratic hold. |
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New York 21 | Roscoe Conkling | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent resigned March 3, 1867 when elected U.S. senator. New member elected November 5, 1867. Republican hold. |
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California
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3 seats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Democratic gain Republican hold |
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California 1 | Donald C. McRuer | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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California 2 | William Higby | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 3 | John Bidwell | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Colorado Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
Connecticut
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Connecticut 1 | Henry C. Deming | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Connecticut 2 | Samuel L. Warner | Republican | 1861 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Connecticut 3 | Augustus Brandegee | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Connecticut 4 | John Henry Hubbard | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic gain. |
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Dakota Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
Delaware
Idaho Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | Thomas D. Eliot | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 2 | Oakes Ames | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 3 | Alexander H. Rice | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper | Republican | 1861 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 5 | John B. Alley | Republican | 1858 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 6 | Nathaniel P. Banks | Republican | 1865 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 7 | George S. Boutwell | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 8 | John D. Baldwin | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 9 | William B. Washburn | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 10 | Henry L. Dawes | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Montana Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
Nebraska
There were two elections in the new state of Nebraska in 1866: on June 6 for the remainder of the current term, and October 9 for the next term.
39th Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska at-large | New state | New seat. Republican gain. New member seated March 2, 1867. |
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40th Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska at-large | Turner M. Marquett | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
New York
Ohio
Democrats gained one seat this election in Ohio. It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Ohio 1 | Benjamin Eggleston | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 2 | Rutherford B. Hayes | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 3 | Robert C. Schenck | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 4 | William Lawrence | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 5 | Francis C. Le Blond | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Ohio 6 | Reader W. Clarke | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 7 | Samuel Shellabarger | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 8 | James Randolph Hubbell | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Ohio 9 | Ralph P. Buckland | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 10 | James M. Ashley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 11 | Hezekiah S. Bundy | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Ohio 12 | William E. Finck | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Ohio 13 | Columbus Delano | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent lost re-election Democratic gain. |
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Ohio 14 | Martin Welker | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 15 | Tobias A. Plants | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 16 | John Bingham | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 17 | Ephraim R. Eckley | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 18 | Rufus P. Spalding | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Ohio 19 | James A. Garfield | Republican | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Elections held late, on August 1, 1867.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | Nathaniel G. Taylor | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 2 | Horace Maynard | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 3 | William B. Stokes | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 4 | Edmund Cooper | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent lost re-election as a Conservative. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 5 | William B. Campbell | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 6 | Samuel M. Arnell | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 7 | Isaac R. Hawkins | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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Tennessee 8 | John W. Leftwich | Unionist | 1865 | Incumbent lost re-election as a Conservative. Republican gain. |
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Utah Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
Vermont
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Vermont 1 | Frederick E. Woodbridge | Republican | 1863 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Vermont 2 | Justin S. Morrill | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
Others
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Vermont 3 | Portus Baxter | Republican | 1860 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican hold. | First ballot
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Washington Territory
See non-voting delegates, below.
West Virginia
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | Chester D. Hubbard | Unconditional Unionist | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. Republican gain. |
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West Virginia 2 | George R. Latham | Unconditional Unionist | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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West Virginia 3 | Kellian Whaley | Unconditional Unionist | 1863 | Incumbent retired. Republican gain. |
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 4, 1866.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | Halbert E. Paine | National Union | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. |
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Wisconsin 2 | Ithamar Sloan | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Wisconsin 3 | Amasa Cobb | National Union | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. |
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Wisconsin 4 | Charles A. Eldredge | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 5 | Philetus Sawyer | National Union | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. |
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Wisconsin 6 | Walter D. McIndoe | National Union | 1862 (special) | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Non-voting delegates
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Colorado Territory at-large | |||||
Dakota Territory at-large | |||||
Idaho Territory at-large | Edward D. Holbrook | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Montana Territory at-large | Samuel McLean | Democratic | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Utah Territory at-large | |||||
Washington Territory at-large |
See also
- 1866 United States elections
- 1866–67 United States Senate elections
- 39th United States Congress
- 40th United States Congress
Notes
- Excludes states readmitted after the start of Congress.
- Including late elections.
- Represents the results of the National Union coalition in the last election cycle.
- In comparison to the vote for the National Union coalition in the last election cycle.
- Includes 1 Independent Republican, Lewis Selye, and 1 Conservative Republican, Thomas E. Stewart.
- Conservatives in Virginia took 4 seats
- Previous election had 3 Unionists.
- In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors (see: Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721). Congressional elections were unaffected by this law, but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well.
- One seat remained vacant throughout the 40th Congress.
- Previous election had 4 Unionists.
- 8 Unionists in previous election.
- 50 vacancies from secessionist states
- Previous election had 18 Unionists.
- Morgan (Democratic) was initially seated (and thus is counted towards the party totals at this article), but the election was contested and the seat was subsequently awarded to Delano (Republican) during the 40th Congress's second session.
References
- Martis, pp. 120–121; Dubin, p. 209.
- "KY - District 05 - Special Election Race - Sep 15, 1866". Our Campaigns. March 1, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "KY - District 06 - Special Election Race - Sep 15, 1866". Our Campaigns. March 2, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "KY - District 03 Special Election Race - Oct 06, 1866". Our Campaigns. February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "NY District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 06, 1866". Our Campaigns. March 12, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "KY - District 03 Special Election Race - Aug 05, 1867". Our Campaigns. February 24, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "OH District 02 - Special Election Race - Oct 08, 1867". Our Campaigns. April 16, 2008. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "PA District 12 - Special Election Race - Oct 08, 1867". Our Campaigns. January 17, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "MO District 3 - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1867". Our Campaigns. November 24, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "NY District 21 - Special Election Race - Nov 05, 1867". Our Campaigns. February 20, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
- "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
- "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Jun 02, 1866".
- "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 09, 1866".
- Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 228, 229.
- "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
- "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
- "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
- "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- "Our Campaigns - MT Territorial Delegate Race - Nov 05, 1867". www.ourcampaigns.com.
Bibliography
- Beale, Howard K. (1930). The Critical Year.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- ▌McPherson, Edward (1875). The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction. Solomons & Chapman.
mcpherson period of reconstruction.
, large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online (the copyright has expired) - Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- Riddleberger, Patrick W. (1979). 1866, the critical year revisited.
- Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). Andrew Johnson: A Biography.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
Author: www.NiNa.Az
Publication date:
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The 1866 67 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 4 1866 and September 6 1867 They occurred during President Andrew Johnson s term just one year after the American Civil War ended when the Union defeated the Confederacy Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives Members were elected before or after the first session of the 40th United States Congress convened on March 4 1867 including the at large seat from the new state of Nebraska Ten secessionist states still had not yet been readmitted and therefore were not seated 1866 67 United States House of Representatives elections 1864 amp 1865 June 4 1866 September 6 1867 1868 amp 1869 All 224 seats in the United States House of Representatives 113 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Schuyler Colfax Samuel Marshall Party Republican Democratic Leader s seat Indiana 9th Illinois 11th Last election 150 seats 33 seats Seats won 173 47 Seat change 23 14 Popular vote 2 611 309 1 919 507 Percentage 55 36 40 69 Swing 1 89pp 1 28pp Third party Fourth party Party Conservative Independent Last election 5 seats 1 seat Seats won 2 2 Seat change 3 1 Popular vote 94 455 83 205 Percentage 2 00 1 76 Swing 0 19pp 0 70ppHouse election results map Red represents seats won by the Republicans and blue denotes those won by the Democrats Speaker before election Schuyler Colfax Republican Elected Speaker Schuyler Colfax Republican The 1866 elections were a decisive event in the early Reconstruction era in which President Johnson faced off against the Radical Republicans in a bitter dispute over whether Reconstruction should be lenient or harsh toward the vanquished white South Most of the congressmen from the former Confederate states were either prevented from leaving the state or were arrested on the way to the capital A Congress consisting of mostly Radical Republicans sat early in the Capitol and aside from the delegation from Tennessee who were allowed in the few Southern Congressmen who arrived were not seated BackgroundJohnson a War Democrat had been elected Vice President in the 1864 presidential election as the running mate of Abraham Lincoln a Republican The Republicans had chosen not to re nominate Hannibal Hamlin for a second term as vice president Lincoln and Johnson ran together under the banner of the National Union Party which brought together Republicans with the exception of some hard line abolitionist Radical Republicans who backed John C Fremont who eventually dropped out of the race after brokering a deal with Lincoln and the War Democrats the minority of Democrats who backed Lincoln s prosecution of the war as opposed to the Peace Democrats or Copperheads who favored a negotiated settlement with the Confederates After the assassination of Lincoln Johnson became president He immediately became embroiled in a dispute with the Radical Republicans over the conditions of Reconstruction Johnson favored a lenient Reconstruction while Radical Republicans wanted to continue the military occupation of the South and force Southern states to give freedmen the newly freed slaves civil rights and the right to vote Campaign and resultsJohnson stumped the country in a public speaking tour known as the Swing Around the Circle he generally supported Democrats but his speeches were poorly received The Republicans won in a landslide capturing enough seats to override Johnson s vetoes Only the border states of Delaware Maryland and Kentucky voted for Democrats Recently Reconstructed Tennessee sent a Republican delegation The other 10 ex Confederate states did not vote As a percentage of the total number of seats available in the House of Representatives the Republican majority attained in the election of 1866 has never been exceeded in any subsequent Congress The Democratic Party was able to achieve similar success only in the political environment of the era of the Great Depression in the 1930s Election summariesSeven secessionist states were readmitted during this Congress filling 32 vacancies but are not included in this table if they were not elected within 1866 through 1867 44 4 147 Democratic Republican State Type Date Total seats Democratic Conservative Republican Others Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Oregon At large June 4 1866 1 0 0 1 0 Vermont Districts Sep 4 1866 3 0 0 3 0 Maine Districts Sep 10 1866 5 0 0 5 0 Indiana Districts Oct 9 1866 11 3 1 0 8 1 0 Iowa Districts Oct 9 1866 6 0 0 6 0 Nebraska At large Oct 9 1866 1 0 0 1 0 Ohio Districts Oct 9 1866 19 2 0 17 0 Pennsylvania Districts Oct 9 1866 24 6 3 0 18 3 0 West Virginia Districts Oct 25 1866 3 0 0 3 3 0 3 Delaware At large Nov 6 1866 Election Day 1 1 0 0 0 Illinois District 1 at large 14 3 0 11 0 Kansas At large 1 0 0 1 0 Maryland Districts 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 0 3 Massachusetts Districts 10 0 0 10 0 Michigan Districts 6 0 0 6 0 Minnesota Districts 2 0 0 2 0 Missouri Districts 9 1 0 8 0 Nevada At large 1 0 0 1 0 New Jersey Districts 5 2 1 0 3 1 0 New York Districts 31 10 1 0 21 1 0 Wisconsin Districts 6 1 0 5 0 Late elections after the March 4 1867 beginning of Congress New Hampshire Districts Mar 12 1867 3 0 0 3 0 Connecticut Districts Apr 1 1867 4 3 3 0 1 3 0 Rhode Island Districts Apr 3 1867 2 0 0 2 0 Kentucky Districts May 4 1867 9 7 2 0 1 1 0 4 Tennessee Districts Aug 3 1867 8 0 0 8 8 0 8 California Districts Sep 6 1867 3 2 2 0 1 2 0 Secessionist states not yet readmitted Alabama Districts 6 0 0 0 0 Arkansas Districts 3 0 0 0 0 Florida At large 1 0 0 0 0 Georgia Districts 7 0 0 0 0 Louisiana Districts 5 0 0 0 0 Mississippi Districts 5 0 0 0 0 North Carolina Districts 7 0 0 0 0 South Carolina Districts 4 0 0 0 0 Texas Districts 4 0 0 0 0 Virginia Districts 8 0 0 0 0 Total 193 44 22 8 4 1 0 5 1 147 76 2 12 0 0 0 18 Results shaded according to winning candidate s share of vote Data from Electing the House of Representatives by the University of Richmond Popular vote Republican 55 36 Democratic 40 69 Conservative 2 00 Independent 1 76 Others 0 19 House seats Republican 77 23 Democratic 20 98 Conservative 0 89 Independent 0 89 The party affiliations of the 4 Representatives elected in Texas s rejected elections are unknown Special elections39th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kentucky 5 Lovell Rousseau Unconditional Unionist 1865 Incumbent resigned July 21 1866 following his assault of Josiah Grinnell Incumbent re elected September 15 1866 Unconditional Unionist hold Y Lovell Rousseau Unconditional Unionist 99 0 Kentucky 6 Green C Smith Unconditional Unionist 1861 Incumbent resigned July 13 1866 to become Governor of Montana Territory New member elected September 15 1866 Democratic gain Y Andrew H Ward Democratic 89 2 R R Carpenter Unknown 10 8 Kentucky 3 Henry Grider Democratic 1861 Incumbent died September 7 1866 New member elected October 6 1866 Democratic hold Y Elijah Hise Democratic 74 3 P B Hawkins National Union 25 7 New York 3 James Humphrey Republican 1864 Incumbent died June 16 1866 New member elected November 6 1866 Democratic gain Y John W Hunter Democratic 54 4 Simeon B Chittenden Republican 45 6 40th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Kentucky 3 Elijah Hise Democratic 1866 special Incumbent died May 6 1867 New member elected August 5 1867 Democratic hold Y Jacob Golladay Democratic 76 6 J R Curd Republican 13 6 W T Jackman Independent 9 8 Ohio 2 Rutherford B Hayes Republican 1864 Incumbent resigned July 20 1867 to run for Governor of Ohio New member elected October 8 1867 Independent Republican gain Y Samuel F Cary Independent Republican 52 1 Richard Smith Republican 47 3 Charles Reemelin Democratic 0 6 Pennsylvania 12 Charles Denison Democratic 1862 Incumbent died June 27 1867 New member elected October 8 1867 Democratic hold Y George W Woodward Democratic 51 2 Winthrop W Ketcham Republican 48 8 Missouri 3 Thomas E Noell Democratic 1864 Incumbent died October 3 1867 New member elected November 5 1867 Democratic hold Y James R McCormick Democratic 52 7 James H Chase Republican 47 3 New York 21 Roscoe Conkling Republican 1864 Incumbent resigned March 3 1867 when elected U S senator New member elected November 5 1867 Republican hold Y Alexander H Bailey Republican 51 5 John Stryker Democratic 48 5 CaliforniaCalifornia elections 1864 September 6 1867 1868 3 seats Majority party Minority party Party Democratic Republican Last election 0 3 Seats won 2 1 Seat change 2 2 Popular vote 48 346 44 436 Percentage 52 1 47 9 Democratic gain Republican hold District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates California 1 Donald C McRuer Republican 1864 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Samuel Beach Axtell Democratic 57 3 Timothy Guy Phelps Republican 42 7 California 2 William Higby Republican 1863 Incumbent re elected Y William Higby Republican 52 1 Democratic 47 9 California 3 John Bidwell Republican 1864 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y James A Johnson Democratic 50 6 Republican 49 4 Colorado TerritorySee non voting delegates below ConnecticutDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut 1 Henry C Deming Republican 1863 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y Richard D Hubbard Democratic 51 1 Henry C Deming Republican 48 9 Connecticut 2 Samuel L Warner Republican 1861 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Julius Hotchkiss Democratic 53 2 Cyrus Northrop Republican 47 6 Connecticut 3 Augustus Brandegee Republican 1863 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Henry H Starkweather Republican 55 4 Earl Martin Democratic 44 6 Connecticut 4 John Henry Hubbard Republican 1863 Incumbent lost renomination Democratic gain Y William Barnum Democratic 51 9 P T Barnum Republican 48 0 Dakota TerritorySee non voting delegates below DelawareIdaho TerritorySee non voting delegates below IllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyMaineMarylandMassachusettsDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1 Thomas D Eliot Republican 1858 Incumbent re elected Y Thomas D Eliot Republican 84 17 Matthias Elias Democratic 15 83 Massachusetts 2 Oakes Ames Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y Oakes Ames Republican 79 60 Abijah M Ide Democratic 20 40 Massachusetts 3 Alexander H Rice Republican 1858 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Ginery Twichell Republican 66 51 William Henry Aspinwall Democratic 28 43 P R Quincy Workingman 5 06 Massachusetts 4 Samuel Hooper Republican 1861 special Incumbent re elected Y Samuel Hooper Republican 71 29 Joseph M Wightman Democratic 28 71 Massachusetts 5 John B Alley Republican 1858 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Benjamin Butler Republican 76 07 William D Northend Democratic 23 93 Massachusetts 6 Nathaniel P Banks Republican 1865 special Incumbent re elected Y Nathaniel P Banks Republican 74 96 Frederick O Prince Democratic 25 04 Massachusetts 7 George S Boutwell Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y George S Boutwell Republican 77 34 Leverett Saltonstall Democratic 22 66 Massachusetts 8 John D Baldwin Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y John D Baldwin Republican 82 62 William A Williams Democratic 17 38 Massachusetts 9 William B Washburn Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y William B Washburn Republican 87 06 Levi Haywood Democratic 12 94 Massachusetts 10 Henry L Dawes Republican 1856 Incumbent re elected Y Henry L Dawes Republican 66 00 Abijah W Chapin Democratic 34 00 MichiganMinnesotaMissouriMontana TerritorySee non voting delegates below NebraskaThere were two elections in the new state of Nebraska in 1866 on June 6 for the remainder of the current term and October 9 for the next term 39th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nebraska at large New state New seat Republican gain New member seated March 2 1867 Y Turner M Marquett Republican 50 84 John R Brooke Democratic 49 16 40th Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nebraska at large Turner M Marquett Republican 1866 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y John Taffe Republican 54 02 Algernon Paddock Democratic 45 64 NevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew Mexico TerritorySee non voting delegates below New YorkOhioDemocrats gained one seat this election in Ohio It was later contested and awarded to the Republican for a net gain of zero District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Ohio 1 Benjamin Eggleston Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Benjamin Eggleston Republican 52 3 George H Pendleton Democratic 47 7 Ohio 2 Rutherford B Hayes Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Rutherford B Hayes Republican 56 2 Theodore Cook Democratic 43 8 Ohio 3 Robert C Schenck Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y Robert C Schenck Republican 51 8 Durbin Ward Democratic 48 2 Ohio 4 William Lawrence Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y William Lawrence Republican 54 6 John F McKinney Democratic 45 4 Ohio 5 Francis C Le Blond Democratic 1862 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y William Mungen Democratic 55 4 Moses B Walker Republican 44 6 Ohio 6 Reader W Clarke Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Reader W Clarke Republican 53 0 William Howard Democratic 47 0 Ohio 7 Samuel Shellabarger Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Samuel Shellabarger Republican 54 3 Thomas Miller Democratic 45 7 Ohio 8 James Randolph Hubbell Republican 1864 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Cornelius S Hamilton Republican 54 3 William P Reid Democratic 45 7 Ohio 9 Ralph P Buckland Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Ralph P Buckland Republican 52 2 Thomas P Finefrock Democratic 47 8 Ohio 10 James M Ashley Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y James M Ashley Republican 53 4 Democratic 46 6 Ohio 11 Hezekiah S Bundy Republican 1864 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y John T Wilson Republican 56 2 Oscar F Moore Democratic 43 8 Ohio 12 William E Finck Democratic 1862 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y Philadelph Van Trump Democratic 56 2 Wells S Jones Republican 43 8 Ohio 13 Columbus Delano Republican 1864 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y George W Morgan Democratic 50 5 Columbus Delano Republican 49 5 Ohio 14 Martin Welker Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Martin Welker Republican 53 4 James B Young Democratic 46 6 Ohio 15 Tobias A Plants Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Tobias A Plants Republican 54 5 Martin Dewey Follett Democratic 45 6 Ohio 16 John Bingham Republican 1864 Incumbent re elected Y John Bingham Republican 52 8 Charles H Mitchner Democratic 47 2 Ohio 17 Ephraim R Eckley Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y Ephraim R Eckley Republican 60 0 Louis Schaefer Democratic 40 0 Ohio 18 Rufus P Spalding Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y Rufus P Spalding Republican 64 4 Oliver Payne Democratic 35 6 Ohio 19 James A Garfield Republican 1862 Incumbent re elected Y James A Garfield Republican 71 3 David C Coolman Democratic 28 7 OregonPennsylvaniaRhode IslandTennesseeElections held late on August 1 1867 District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 Nathaniel G Taylor Unionist 1865 Incumbent retired Republican gain Y Roderick R Butler Republican 86 82 James White Conservative 12 85 James Powell Republican 0 33 Tennessee 2 Horace Maynard Unionist 1865 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Republican gain Y Horace Maynard Republican 78 83 John Williams Conservative 21 17 Tennessee 3 William B Stokes Unionist 1865 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Republican gain Y William B Stokes Republican 83 25 Eli G Fleming Conservative 16 75 Tennessee 4 Edmund Cooper Unionist 1865 Incumbent lost re election as a Conservative Republican gain Y James Mullins Republican 51 85 Edmund Cooper Conservative 25 42 Tennessee 5 William B Campbell Unionist 1865 Incumbent retired Republican gain Y John Trimble Republican 72 09 Balie Peyton Conservative 24 37 D H Mason Independent Republican 3 54 Tennessee 6 Samuel M Arnell Unionist 1865 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Republican gain Y Samuel M Arnell Republican 77 79 Dorsey B Thomas Conservative 22 21 Tennessee 7 Isaac R Hawkins Unionist 1865 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Republican gain Y Isaac R Hawkins Republican 83 60 William P Coldwell Conservative 16 40 Tennessee 8 John W Leftwich Unionist 1865 Incumbent lost re election as a Conservative Republican gain Y David A Nunn Republican 59 41 John W Leftwich Conservative 40 59 Utah TerritorySee non voting delegates below VermontDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont 1 Frederick E Woodbridge Republican 1863 Incumbent re elected Y Frederick E Woodbridge Republican 72 8 Samuel Wells Democratic 27 1 Vermont 2 Justin S Morrill Republican 1854 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Luke P Poland Republican 72 2 Charles M Chase Democratic 26 2 Others Peter T Washburn Republican 0 4 Hampden Cutts Unknown 0 3 Julius Converse Republican 0 3 D C Denison Republican 0 2 Vermont 3 Portus Baxter Republican 1860 Incumbent lost re election Republican hold First ballot Portus Baxter Republican 46 8 Romeo H Hoyt Republican 28 8 Waldo Brigham Democratic 21 7 J S Adams Republican 1 0 J H Woodward Republican 0 6 O G Wheeler Republican 0 5 Second ballot Y Worthington C Smith Republican 50 9 Asa O Aldis Republican 24 8 Waldo Brigham Democratic 23 8 Portus Baxter Republican 0 2 Washington TerritorySee non voting delegates below West VirginiaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates West Virginia 1 Chester D Hubbard Unconditional Unionist 1864 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Republican gain Y Chester D Hubbard Republican 54 83 D D Johnson Democratic 45 17 West Virginia 2 George R Latham Unconditional Unionist 1864 Incumbent retired Republican gain Y Bethuel Kitchen Republican 61 30 E W Andrews Democratic 38 35 Daniel Polsley Republican 0 35 West Virginia 3 Kellian Whaley Unconditional Unionist 1863 Incumbent retired Republican gain Y Daniel Polsley Republican 58 77 John H Oley Democratic 41 23 WisconsinWisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day November 4 1866 District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wisconsin 1 Halbert E Paine National Union 1864 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Y Halbert E Paine Republican 58 8 James S Brown Democratic 41 2 Wisconsin 2 Ithamar Sloan National Union 1862 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Benjamin F Hopkins Republican 61 5 John J Pease Democratic 38 5 Wisconsin 3 Amasa Cobb National Union 1862 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Y Amasa Cobb Republican 62 9 Noah Virgin Democratic 37 1 Wisconsin 4 Charles A Eldredge Democratic 1862 Incumbent re elected Y Charles A Eldredge Democratic 56 6 Orin Hatch Republican 43 4 Wisconsin 5 Philetus Sawyer National Union 1864 Incumbent re elected as a Republican Y Philetus Sawyer Republican 60 5 Morgan Lewis Martin Democratic 39 5 Wisconsin 6 Walter D McIndoe National Union 1862 special Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Cadwallader C Washburn Republican 66 4 Gilbert L Park Democratic 33 6 Non voting delegatesDistrict Incumbent This race Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates Colorado Territory at large Dakota Territory at large Idaho Territory at large Edward D Holbrook Democratic 1864 Incumbent re elected Y Edward D Holbrook Democratic 55 45 J M Kirkpatrick Republican 44 55 Montana Territory at large Samuel McLean Democratic 1864 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y James M Cavanaugh Democratic 54 95 Wilbur F Sanders Republican 45 05 New Mexico Territory at large Utah Territory at large Washington Territory at largeSee also1866 United States elections 1866 67 United States Senate elections 39th United States Congress 40th United States CongressNotesExcludes states readmitted after the start of Congress Including late elections Represents the results of the National Union coalition in the last election cycle In comparison to the vote for the National Union coalition in the last election cycle Includes 1 Independent Republican Lewis Selye and 1 Conservative Republican Thomas E Stewart Conservatives in Virginia took 4 seats Previous election had 3 Unionists In 1845 Congress passed a law providing for a uniform date for choosing presidential electors see Statutes at Large 28th Congress 2nd Session p 721 Congressional elections were unaffected by this law but the date was gradually adopted by the states for congressional elections as well One seat remained vacant throughout the 40th Congress Previous election had 4 Unionists 8 Unionists in previous election 50 vacancies from secessionist states Previous election had 18 Unionists Morgan Democratic was initially seated and thus is counted towards the party totals at this article but the election was contested and the seat was subsequently awarded to Delano Republican during the 40th Congress s second session ReferencesMartis pp 120 121 Dubin p 209 KY District 05 Special Election Race Sep 15 1866 Our Campaigns March 1 2010 Retrieved February 10 2022 KY District 06 Special Election Race Sep 15 1866 Our Campaigns March 2 2010 Retrieved February 10 2022 KY District 03 Special Election Race Oct 06 1866 Our Campaigns February 24 2010 Retrieved February 10 2022 NY District 3 Special Election Race Nov 06 1866 Our Campaigns March 12 2011 Retrieved February 10 2022 KY District 03 Special Election Race Aug 05 1867 Our Campaigns February 24 2010 Retrieved February 10 2022 OH District 02 Special Election Race Oct 08 1867 Our Campaigns April 16 2008 Retrieved February 10 2022 PA District 12 Special Election Race Oct 08 1867 Our Campaigns January 17 2009 Retrieved February 10 2022 MO District 3 Special Election Race Nov 05 1867 Our Campaigns November 24 2007 Retrieved February 10 2022 NY District 21 Special Election Race Nov 05 1867 Our Campaigns February 20 2011 Retrieved February 10 2022 State of Connecticut Elections Database Search Past Election Results State of Connecticut Elections Database Retrieved October 9 2024 Our Campaigns NE District 01 Race Jun 02 1866 Our Campaigns NE District 01 Race Oct 09 1866 Smith Joseph P ed 1898 History of the Republican Party in Ohio Vol I Chicago the Lewis Publishing Company pp 228 229 TN District 01 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 02 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 03 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 04 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 05 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 06 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 07 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 TN District 08 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 19 2021 VT Elections Database Vermont Election Results and Statistics VT Elections Database Retrieved August 29 2024 WV District 01 Our Campaigns Retrieved April 13 2021 WV District 02 Our Campaigns Retrieved April 13 2021 WV District 03 Our Campaigns Retrieved April 13 2021 Wisconsin U S House Election Results PDF Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs Archived from the original PDF on April 5 2012 Retrieved August 27 2014 ID Territorial Delegate Our Campaigns Retrieved April 3 2021 Our Campaigns MT Territorial Delegate Race Nov 05 1867 www ourcampaigns com BibliographyBeale Howard K 1930 The Critical Year Dubin Michael J March 1 1998 United States Congressional Elections 1788 1997 The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses McFarland and Company ISBN 978 0786402830 Martis Kenneth C January 1 1989 The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress 1789 1989 Macmillan Publishing Company ISBN 978 0029201701 McPherson Edward 1875 The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction Solomons amp Chapman mcpherson period of reconstruction large collection of speeches and primary documents 1865 1870 complete text online the copyright has expired Moore John L ed 1994 Congressional Quarterly s Guide to U S Elections Third ed Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 978 0871879967 Riddleberger Patrick W 1979 1866 the critical year revisited Trefousse Hans L 1989 Andrew Johnson A Biography Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789 Present Office of the Historian House of United States House of Representatives Retrieved January 21 2015 External linksOffice of the Historian Office of Art amp Archives Office of the Clerk U S House of Representatives