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The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (CP RSFSR; Russian: Коммунистическая партия Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики; КП РСФСР; Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiyskoy Sovetskoy Federativnoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respubliki, KP RSFSR), was a communist political party in the Russian SFSR. The Communist Party of the Russian SFSR was founded in 1990. At this point, the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR being the republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, organized around 58% of the total Communist Party membership. Politically, it became a centre for communist opponents of Gorbachev's leadership.
Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Коммунистическая партия Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | CP RSFSR (English) КП РСФСР (Russian) |
| General Secretary | Ivan Polozkov (1990–1991) Valentin Kuptsov (1991–1993) |
| Founded | 19 June 1990 |
| Banned | 6 November 1991 |
| Split from | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
| Succeeded by | Communist Party of the Russian Federation |
| Headquarters | Moscow, Russian SFSR |
| Youth wing | Union of Communist Youth |
| Ideology | Communism Marxism–Leninism |
| National affiliation | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
| Colours | Red |
| Slogan | "Workers of the world, unite!" (Russian: Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!) |
| Anthem | "The Internationale" (Интернациона́л) |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| |
Background
For many years, the Russian SFSR had been the sole Soviet republic without a republican-level Communist Party of its own. In fact, in 1947 the NKVD had run an investigation in the so-called Leningrad case against party functionaries accused of wanting to set up a republican Communist Party in the RSFSR.
In 1989 a sector of the Communist Party (opposed to the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev) launched a campaign for an autonomous Russian republican-level Communist Party. In June 1989 an article was published in Nash sovremennik by Galina Litvinova, arguing that the Russian nation had regressed during Soviet rule and that it was necessary to form a Central Committee for the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
Preparations
The Communist Party of the RSFSR emerged from an alliance between Leningrad-based apparatchiks and Russian national-patriotic tendencies. The United Workers Front was one of the key backers of the new party organization.
Gorbachev faced difficulties in trying to block the formation of a Russian party organization. Many Russian members of the Communist Party who were not necessarily followers of Gorbachev's hard-line opponents were supportive of the effort to form a Russian party organization. On Gorbachev's initiative a RSFSR Bureau of the Communist Party was founded towards the end of 1989, in a move to block the formation of an autonomous Russian Communist Party. However this action did not block the demand for a RSFSR Communist Party, and the newly formed RSFSR Bureau issued a call for the founding of the Communist Party of the RSFSR. This process was humiliating for Gorbachev, as it clarified that he was not fully in control of the party apparatus.
Prior to the founding of the new party organization, a debate surged regarding the name of the new body. Chechen-Ingush communists argued that the name should include "RSFSR" rather than just "Russian". Moreover, decision had been passed that the congress would be divided in two sessions, before and after the 28th party congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
First Congress Session
The first session of the founding congress of the Communist Party of the RSFSR opened in Moscow on 19 June 1990. 2,768 delegates attended the congress. There were three key contenders for the post of First Secretary, Valentin Kuptsov, Ivan Polozkov and Oleg Lobov (Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia). Kuptsov, the candidate supported by Gorbachev and the all-Union party leadership, suffered a heavy defeat. He received a mere 343 votes in favour whilst 2,278 delegates voted against him. Polozkov obtained 1,017 votes in favour and 1,604 against him, whilst Lobov got 848 votes in favour and 1,773 votes against him. A run-off was held between Polozkov and Lobov. Polozkov was elected with 1,396 against 1,066 for Lobov. The first session of the founding congress concluded on 23 June 1990.
Polozkov was a leader of the hardline faction, hailing from Krasnodar. After having been elected, Polozkov tried to distance himself from the most hardline elements (represented by Nina Andreyeva) and sought conciliation between Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin and the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
Second Congress Session
The founding congress of the Communist Party of the RSFSR reconvened at its second session from 4 September to 6 September 1990. The second session elected 272 Central Committee members and 96 Central Control Commission members for the party. By then, the political struggle had sharpened; Polozkov called on the communists in the RSFSR to oppose the restoration of capitalism by Yeltsin's government. The Communist Party of the RSFSR had, then, around 40% of the seats in the newly formed Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.
Political role
The new party organization was divided into reformist, hardline and nationalistic sectors. Polozkov played an important role as defining the role of the party as force of the anti-Perestroika opposition. However, his style of leadership was passive and he came under attack from all corners inside the party. The deputies in the RSFSR Supreme Soviet attacked him for not attacking Gorbachev, whilst the communists in Kaliningrad criticized him for his opposition against Yeltsin.
The launching of the Communist Party of the RSFSR caused organizational problems for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, as membership fees from the RSFSR were now supposed to pass through the republican party organization. Some lower-level party organization did however continue to pay their dues directly to the all-Union party, essentially as acts of defiance against the hardliners in control of the Communist Party of the RSFSR. The party became a member of the Coordinating Council of Patriotic Forces, which campaigned for a unified Soviet Union in the March 1991 referendum.
Removal of Polozkov
On 6 August 1991, Polozkov was removed from his position as leader of the Communist Party of the RSFSR, after having called Gorbachev a traitor three days earlier. Kuptsov was named as the new First Secretary of the party.
Banning
In the fall of 1991, Yeltsin issued three presidential decrees resulting in the disbanding of the party. On 23 August 1991, he issued a decree titled "On Suspending the Activities of the Communist Party of the RSFSR". On 25 August 1991, Yeltsin issued a Decree No. 90 declared that the activities of the party were suspended and that all the properties of the Communist Party of the RSFSR would become RSFSR state property. And on 6 November 1991, he issued a decree that banned the already defunct party.
On November 30, 1992, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the ban on the activities of the primary organizations of the Communist Party, formed on a territorial basis, as inconsistent with the Constitution of Russia, but upheld the dissolution of the governing structures of the CPSU and the governing structures of its republican organization - the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
On 14 February 1993, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was formed at a Second Extraordinary Congress, declaring itself as the successor to the Communist Party of the RSFSR. The reconstituted party was led by Gennady Zyuganov, formerly the chief ideologue of the Communist Party of the RSFSR and a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the RSFSR.
References
- Harris, Jonathan. Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat, 1986–1991. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. pp. 110–3.
- Backes, Uwe. Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008. 437
- Buttino, Marco. In a Collapsing Empire: Underdevelopment, Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union. Milano: Feltrinelli, 1993. p. 61
- O'Connor, Kevin. Intellectuals and Apparatchiks: Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. p. 148
- O'Connor, Kevin. Intellectuals and Apparatchiks: Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. pp. 178–9.
- Ogushi, Atsushi. The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party. London: Routledge, 2008. pp. 100–1
- White, Stephen, Graeme J. Gill, and Darrell Slider. The Politics of Transition: Shaping a Post-Soviet Future. Cambridge, ENG, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 132
- Segrillo, Angelo (2005), Rússia e Brasil em transformação: uma breve história dos partidos russos e brasileiros na democratização política (in Portuguese), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR: 7Letras, p. 28, ISBN 9788575771754.
- Harris, Jonathan. Subverting the System: Gorbachev's Reform of the Party's Apparat, 1986–1991. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. p. 128
- Orttung, Robert W (1995), From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: Democratization in a Russian City, New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 178–80, ISBN 9780312120801.
- O'Connor, Kevin. Intellectuals and Apparatchiks: Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. pp. 179, 223, 291
- Harris, Jonathan. Adrift in Turbulent Seas: The Political and Ideological Struggles of Ivan Kuz'mich Polozkov. Center for Russian and East European Studies, Univ. of Pittsburgh, 1993. p. 26
- Ogushi, Atsushi. The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party. London: Routledge, 2008. pp. 121–2.
- O'Connor, Kevin. Intellectuals and Apparatchiks: Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. p. 250
- O'Connor, Kevin. Intellectuals and Apparatchiks: Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. p. 265
- Указ Президента РСФСР от 23.08.1991 г. № 79 «О приостановлении деятельности Коммунистической партии РСФСР»
- Указ Президента РСФСР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 90 «Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР»
- Указ Президента РСФСР от 6 ноября 1991 г. № 169 «О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР»
- Ogushi, Atsushi. The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party. London: Routledge, 2008. p. 147
- Ra'anan, Uri, Keith Armes, and Kate Martin. Russian Pluralism, Now Irreversible? New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. pp. 82–3.
- Постановление Конституционного Суда РФ от 30 ноября 1992 г. N 9-П "По делу о проверке конституционности Указов Президента РФ от 23 августа 1991 года N 79 "О приостановлении деятельности Коммунистической партии РСФСР", от 25 августа 1991 года N 90 "Об имуществе КПСС и Коммунистической партии РСФСР" и от 6 ноября 1991 года N 169 "О деятельности КПСС и КП РСФСР", а также о проверке конституционности КПСС и КП РСФСР"
- American University (Washington, D.C.), and Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im. M.V. Lomonosova. Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization, Volume 4. Washington, DC: Quality Press of the Southern Tier, 1996. p. 174
- Lentini, Peter. Elections and Political Order in Russia: The Implications of the 1993 Elections to the Federal Assembly. Budapest, HU: Central Europ. Univ. Press, 1995. p. 274
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The Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic CP RSFSR Russian Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossijskoj Sovetskoj Federativnoj Socialisticheskoj Respubliki KP RSFSR Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossiyskoy Sovetskoy Federativnoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respubliki KP RSFSR was a communist political party in the Russian SFSR The Communist Party of the Russian SFSR was founded in 1990 At this point the Communist Party of the Russian SFSR being the republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union organized around 58 of the total Communist Party membership Politically it became a centre for communist opponents of Gorbachev s leadership Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Kommunisticheskaya partiya Rossijskoj Sovetskoj Federativnoj Socialisticheskoj RespublikiAbbreviationCP RSFSR English KP RSFSR Russian General SecretaryIvan Polozkov 1990 1991 Valentin Kuptsov 1991 1993 Founded19 June 1990 1990 06 19 Banned6 November 1991 1991 11 06 Split fromCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionSucceeded byCommunist Party of the Russian FederationHeadquartersMoscow Russian SFSRYouth wingUnion of Communist YouthIdeologyCommunism Marxism LeninismNational affiliationCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionColours RedSlogan Workers of the world unite Russian Proletarii vseh stran soedinyajtes Anthem The Internationale Internaciona l source source track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track track Party flagPolitics of RussiaPolitical partiesElectionsBackgroundFor many years the Russian SFSR had been the sole Soviet republic without a republican level Communist Party of its own In fact in 1947 the NKVD had run an investigation in the so called Leningrad case against party functionaries accused of wanting to set up a republican Communist Party in the RSFSR In 1989 a sector of the Communist Party opposed to the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev launched a campaign for an autonomous Russian republican level Communist Party In June 1989 an article was published in Nash sovremennik by Galina Litvinova arguing that the Russian nation had regressed during Soviet rule and that it was necessary to form a Central Committee for the Communist Party of the RSFSR PreparationsThe Communist Party of the RSFSR emerged from an alliance between Leningrad based apparatchiks and Russian national patriotic tendencies The United Workers Front was one of the key backers of the new party organization Gorbachev faced difficulties in trying to block the formation of a Russian party organization Many Russian members of the Communist Party who were not necessarily followers of Gorbachev s hard line opponents were supportive of the effort to form a Russian party organization On Gorbachev s initiative a RSFSR Bureau of the Communist Party was founded towards the end of 1989 in a move to block the formation of an autonomous Russian Communist Party However this action did not block the demand for a RSFSR Communist Party and the newly formed RSFSR Bureau issued a call for the founding of the Communist Party of the RSFSR This process was humiliating for Gorbachev as it clarified that he was not fully in control of the party apparatus Prior to the founding of the new party organization a debate surged regarding the name of the new body Chechen Ingush communists argued that the name should include RSFSR rather than just Russian Moreover decision had been passed that the congress would be divided in two sessions before and after the 28th party congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union First Congress SessionThe first session of the founding congress of the Communist Party of the RSFSR opened in Moscow on 19 June 1990 2 768 delegates attended the congress There were three key contenders for the post of First Secretary Valentin Kuptsov Ivan Polozkov and Oleg Lobov Second Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia Kuptsov the candidate supported by Gorbachev and the all Union party leadership suffered a heavy defeat He received a mere 343 votes in favour whilst 2 278 delegates voted against him Polozkov obtained 1 017 votes in favour and 1 604 against him whilst Lobov got 848 votes in favour and 1 773 votes against him A run off was held between Polozkov and Lobov Polozkov was elected with 1 396 against 1 066 for Lobov The first session of the founding congress concluded on 23 June 1990 Polozkov was a leader of the hardline faction hailing from Krasnodar After having been elected Polozkov tried to distance himself from the most hardline elements represented by Nina Andreyeva and sought conciliation between Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin and the Communist Party of the RSFSR Second Congress SessionThe founding congress of the Communist Party of the RSFSR reconvened at its second session from 4 September to 6 September 1990 The second session elected 272 Central Committee members and 96 Central Control Commission members for the party By then the political struggle had sharpened Polozkov called on the communists in the RSFSR to oppose the restoration of capitalism by Yeltsin s government The Communist Party of the RSFSR had then around 40 of the seats in the newly formed Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Political roleThe new party organization was divided into reformist hardline and nationalistic sectors Polozkov played an important role as defining the role of the party as force of the anti Perestroika opposition However his style of leadership was passive and he came under attack from all corners inside the party The deputies in the RSFSR Supreme Soviet attacked him for not attacking Gorbachev whilst the communists in Kaliningrad criticized him for his opposition against Yeltsin The launching of the Communist Party of the RSFSR caused organizational problems for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as membership fees from the RSFSR were now supposed to pass through the republican party organization Some lower level party organization did however continue to pay their dues directly to the all Union party essentially as acts of defiance against the hardliners in control of the Communist Party of the RSFSR The party became a member of the Coordinating Council of Patriotic Forces which campaigned for a unified Soviet Union in the March 1991 referendum Removal of PolozkovOn 6 August 1991 Polozkov was removed from his position as leader of the Communist Party of the RSFSR after having called Gorbachev a traitor three days earlier Kuptsov was named as the new First Secretary of the party BanningIn the fall of 1991 Yeltsin issued three presidential decrees resulting in the disbanding of the party On 23 August 1991 he issued a decree titled On Suspending the Activities of the Communist Party of the RSFSR On 25 August 1991 Yeltsin issued a Decree No 90 declared that the activities of the party were suspended and that all the properties of the Communist Party of the RSFSR would become RSFSR state property And on 6 November 1991 he issued a decree that banned the already defunct party On November 30 1992 the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation recognized the ban on the activities of the primary organizations of the Communist Party formed on a territorial basis as inconsistent with the Constitution of Russia but upheld the dissolution of the governing structures of the CPSU and the governing structures of its republican organization the Communist Party of the RSFSR On 14 February 1993 the Communist Party of the Russian Federation was formed at a Second Extraordinary Congress declaring itself as the successor to the Communist Party of the RSFSR The reconstituted party was led by Gennady Zyuganov formerly the chief ideologue of the Communist Party of the RSFSR and a member of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the RSFSR ReferencesCommunism portalSoviet Union portal Harris Jonathan Subverting the System Gorbachev s Reform of the Party s Apparat 1986 1991 Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 2005 pp 110 3 Backes Uwe Communist and Post Communist Parties in Europe Gottingen Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht 2008 437 Buttino Marco In a Collapsing Empire Underdevelopment Ethnic Conflicts and Nationalisms in the Soviet Union Milano Feltrinelli 1993 p 61 O Connor Kevin Intellectuals and Apparatchiks Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution Lanham MD Lexington Books Rowman amp Littlefield 2006 p 148 O Connor Kevin Intellectuals and Apparatchiks Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution Lanham MD Lexington Books Rowman amp Littlefield 2006 pp 178 9 Ogushi Atsushi The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party London Routledge 2008 pp 100 1 White Stephen Graeme J Gill and Darrell Slider The Politics of Transition Shaping a Post Soviet Future Cambridge ENG UK Cambridge University Press 1993 p 132 Segrillo Angelo 2005 Russia e Brasil em transformacao uma breve historia dos partidos russos e brasileiros na democratizacao politica in Portuguese Rio de Janeiro RJ BR 7Letras p 28 ISBN 9788575771754 Harris Jonathan Subverting the System Gorbachev s Reform of the Party s Apparat 1986 1991 Lanham MD Rowman amp Littlefield 2005 p 128 Orttung Robert W 1995 From Leningrad to St Petersburg Democratization in a Russian City New York St Martin s Press pp 178 80 ISBN 9780312120801 O Connor Kevin Intellectuals and Apparatchiks Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution Lanham MD Lexington Books Rowman amp Littlefield 2006 pp 179 223 291 Harris Jonathan Adrift in Turbulent Seas The Political and Ideological Struggles of Ivan Kuz mich Polozkov Center for Russian and East European Studies Univ of Pittsburgh 1993 p 26 Ogushi Atsushi The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party London Routledge 2008 pp 121 2 O Connor Kevin Intellectuals and Apparatchiks Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution Lanham MD Lexington Books Rowman amp Littlefield 2006 p 250 O Connor Kevin Intellectuals and Apparatchiks Russian Nationalism and the Gorbachev Revolution Lanham MD Lexington Books Rowman amp Littlefield 2006 p 265 Ukaz Prezidenta RSFSR ot 23 08 1991 g 79 O priostanovlenii deyatelnosti Kommunisticheskoj partii RSFSR Ukaz Prezidenta RSFSR ot 25 avgusta 1991 g 90 Ob imushestve KPSS i Kommunisticheskoj partii RSFSR Ukaz Prezidenta RSFSR ot 6 noyabrya 1991 g 169 O deyatelnosti KPSS i KP RSFSR Ogushi Atsushi The Demise of the Soviet Communist Party London Routledge 2008 p 147 Ra anan Uri Keith Armes and Kate Martin Russian Pluralism Now Irreversible New York St Martin s Press 1992 pp 82 3 Postanovlenie Konstitucionnogo Suda RF ot 30 noyabrya 1992 g N 9 P Po delu o proverke konstitucionnosti Ukazov Prezidenta RF ot 23 avgusta 1991 goda N 79 O priostanovlenii deyatelnosti Kommunisticheskoj partii RSFSR ot 25 avgusta 1991 goda N 90 Ob imushestve KPSS i Kommunisticheskoj partii RSFSR i ot 6 noyabrya 1991 goda N 169 O deyatelnosti KPSS i KP RSFSR a takzhe o proverke konstitucionnosti KPSS i KP RSFSR American University Washington D C and Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet im M V Lomonosova Demokratizatsiya The Journal of Post Soviet Democratization Volume 4 Washington DC Quality Press of the Southern Tier 1996 p 174 Lentini Peter Elections and Political Order in Russia The Implications of the 1993 Elections to the Federal Assembly Budapest HU Central Europ Univ Press 1995 p 274