The House Democratic Caucus is a congressional caucus composed of all Democratic representatives in the United States Ho

The House Democratic Caucus is a congressional caucus composed of all Democratic representatives in the United States House of Representatives, voting and non-voting, and is responsible for nominating and electing the Democratic Party leadership in the chamber. In its roles as a party conference, the caucus writes and enforces rules of conduct and discipline for its members, approves committee assignments, and serves as the primary forum for development of party policy and legislative priorities. It hosts weekly meetings for these purposes and to communicate the party's message to members.

House Democratic Caucus

Part of	United States House of Representatives
Floor Leader	Hakeem Jeffries
Floor Whip	Katherine Clark
Chair	Pete Aguilar (CA)
Ideology	Liberalism Democratic Socialism
Political position	Center-left
Affiliation	Democratic Party
Colors	Blue
Seats	213 / 435
Website
dems.gov
Politics of the United States Political parties Elections

When the caucus holds the majority of seats, it is usually led by the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives who is assisted on the floor by the House majority leader and the party's chief whip. When in the minority, it is led by the House minority leader, assisted by the chief whip. The caucus has a Caucus chairman and Caucus vice-chair (formerly called the secretary). For the 119th Congress, Hakeem Jeffries was elected as the minority leader, Katherine Clark became the minority whip and Pete Aguilar was chosen as the Caucus chairman.

Current hierarchy

Effective with the start of the 118th Congress, the chain of command conference leadership is as follows (from highest to lowest):

Hakeem Jeffries (NY) as House Minority Leader (Caucus Leader)
Katherine Clark (MA) as House Minority Whip
Pete Aguilar (CA) as Caucus Chairman
Ted Lieu (CA) as Caucus Vice Chair

Leadership history

The House Democratic Caucus, through its institutional antecedent, the Democratic-Republican caucus, was established on April 2, 1796, to stop a treaty with Great Britain which unfairly treated American sailors. For many years, through 1820, it nominated presidential candidates (before the era of national nominating conventions).

Since 2023, the House Democratic leader has been Rep. Hakeem Jeffries of New York (the first African-American congressional party leader in U.S. history). He was elected to succeed longtime Democratic leader and the first woman speaker of the House in U.S. history Nancy Pelosi.

At the Organizational Meeting on November 18, 2008, of the Democratic Caucus for the 111th Congress, Representative John B. Larson (D-Connecticut) was elected Caucus chairman by acclamation. The election was presided over by the outgoing chairman of the Democratic Caucus for the 110th Congress, former representative Rahm Emanuel (D-Illinois). Rep. Larson officially assumed the position of chairman on the first day of the 111th Congress, January 3, 2009.

After his election as chairman at the Organizational Meeting on November 18, Chairman Larson presided over the election of Rep. Xavier Becerra (D-California), who defeated Representative Marcy Kaptur of Ohio by a vote count of 175 to 67. Rep. Becerra likewise assumed his vice-chairmanship on January 3.

Leaders of the House Democratic Caucus

Congress	Leader		District	Took office	Left office
20th		Andrew Stevenson (1784–1857)	Virginia 9	December 3, 1827	June 2, 1834	Himself 1827–1834
21st
22nd
23rd			Virginia 11
23rd		John Bell (1796–1869)	Tennessee 7	June 2, 1834	March 4, 1835	Himself 1834–1835
24th		James K. Polk (1795–1849)	Tennessee 9	December 7, 1835	March 4, 1839	Himself 1835–1839
25th		James K. Polk (1795–1849)	Tennessee 9	December 7, 1835	March 4, 1839	Himself 1835–1839
26th	Unknown					Hunter 1839–1841
27th	Unknown					White 1841–1843
28th		John Winston Jones (1791–1848)	Virginia 6	December 4, 1843	March 4, 1845	Himself 1843–1845
29th		John Wesley Davis (1799–1859)	Indiana 6	December 1, 1845	March 4, 1847	Himself 1845–1847
30th	Unknown					Winthrop 1847–1849
31st		Howell Cobb (1815–1868)	Georgia 6	December 22, 1849	March 4, 1851	Himself 1849–1851
32nd		Linn Boyd (1800–1859)	Kentucky 1	December 1, 1851	March 4, 1855	Himself 1851–1855
33rd		Linn Boyd (1800–1859)	Kentucky 1	December 1, 1851	March 4, 1855	Himself 1851–1855
34th		George Washington Jones (1806–1884)	Tennessee 6	March 4, 1855	March 4, 1857	Banks 1856–1857
35th		James Lawrence Orr (1822–1873)	South Carolina 5	December 7, 1857	March 3, 1859	Himself 1857–1859
36th		George S. Houston (1811–1879)	Alabama 5	March 4, 1859	January 21, 1861	Pennington 1860–1861
37th	Unknown					Grow 1861–1863
38th	Unknown					Colfax 1863–1869
39th	Unknown
40th	Unknown
40th	Unknown					Pomeroy 1869
41st		Samuel J. Randall (1828–1890)	Pennsylvania 1	March 4, 1869	March 3, 1871	Blaine 1869–1875
41st		William E. Niblack (1822–1893)	Indiana 1	March 4, 1869	March 3, 1871
42nd	Unknown
43rd		William E. Niblack (1822–1893)	Indiana 1	March 4, 1873	March 3, 1875
44th		Michael C. Kerr (1827–1876)	Indiana 3	December 6, 1875	August 19, 1876	Himself 1875–1876
44th		Samuel J. Randall (1828–1890)	Pennsylvania 3	December 4, 1876	March 3, 1881	Himself 1876–1881
45th
46th
47th	Unknown					Keifer 1881–1883
48th		John G. Carlisle (1834–1910)	Kentucky 6	December 3, 1883	March 3, 1889	Himself 1883–1889
49th
50th
51st		William S. Holman (1822–1897)	Indiana 4	March 4, 1889	March 3, 1891	Reed 1889–1891
52nd		Charles Frederick Crisp (1845–1896)	Georgia 3	December 8, 1891	March 3, 1895	Himself 1891–1895
53rd		Charles Frederick Crisp (1845–1896)	Georgia 3	December 8, 1891	March 3, 1895	Himself 1891–1895
54th		David B. Culberson (1830–1900)	Texas 4	March 4, 1895	March 3, 1897	Reed 1895–1899
55th		James D. Richardson (1843–1914)	Tennessee 5	March 4, 1897	March 3, 1903	Reed 1895–1899
56th						Henderson 1899–1903
57th						Henderson 1899–1903
58th		John Sharp Williams (1854–1932)	Mississippi 8	March 4, 1903	March 3, 1909	Cannon 1903–1911
59th
60th
61st		Champ Clark (1850–1921)	Missouri 9	March 4, 1909	March 2, 1921
62nd						Himself 1911–1919
63rd
64th
65th
66th						Gillett 1919–1925
67th		Claude Kitchin (1869–1923)	North Carolina 2	March 4, 1921	March 4, 1923
68th		Finis J. Garrett (1875–1956)	Tennessee 9	March 4, 1923	March 3, 1929
69th						Longworth 1925–1931
70th
71st		John Nance Garner (1868–1967)	Texas 15	March 4, 1929	March 3, 1933
72nd		John Nance Garner (1868–1967)	Texas 15	March 4, 1929	March 3, 1933	Himself 1931–1933
73rd		Henry Thomas Rainey (1860–1934)	Illinois 20	March 9, 1933	August 19, 1934	Himself 1933–1934
74th		Jo Byrns (1869–1936)	Tennessee 5	January 3, 1935	June 4, 1936	Himself 1935–1936
74th		William B. Bankhead (1874–1940)	Alabama 7	June 4, 1936	September 15, 1940	Himself 1936–1940
75th
76th
76th		Sam Rayburn (1882–1961)	Texas 4	September 16, 1940	November 16, 1961	Himself 1940–1947
77th
78th
79th
80th						Martin 1947–1949
81st						Himself 1949–1953
82nd						Himself 1949–1953
83rd						Martin 1953–1955
84th						Himself 1955–1961
85th
86th
87th
87th		John W. McCormack (1891–1980)	Massachusetts 12	January 10, 1962	January 3, 1971	Himself 1962–1971
88th			Massachusetts 9
89th
90th
91st
92nd		Carl Albert (1908–2000)	Oklahoma 3	January 21, 1971	January 3, 1977	Himself 1971–1977
93rd
94th
95th		Tip O'Neill (1912–1994)	Massachusetts 8	January 4, 1977	January 3, 1987	Himself 1977–1987
96th
97th
98th
99th
100th		Jim Wright (1922–2015)	Texas 12	January 6, 1987	June 6, 1989	Himself 1987–1989
101st		Jim Wright (1922–2015)	Texas 12	January 6, 1987	June 6, 1989	Himself 1987–1989
101st		Tom Foley (1929–2013)	Washington 5	June 6, 1989	January 3, 1995	Himself 1989–1995
102nd
103rd
104th		Dick Gephardt (born 1941)	Missouri 3	January 3, 1995	January 3, 2003	Gingrich 1995–1999
105th						Gingrich 1995–1999
106th						Hastert 1999–2007
107th
108th		Nancy Pelosi (born 1940)	California 8	January 3, 2003	January 3, 2023
109th
110th						Herself 2007–2011
111th						Herself 2007–2011
112th						Boehner 2011–2015
113th			California 12
114th
114th						Ryan 2015–2019
115th						Ryan 2015–2019
116th						Herself 2019–2023
117th						Herself 2019–2023
118th		Hakeem Jeffries (born 1970)	New York 8	January 3, 2023	Incumbent	McCarthy 2023
						McHenry 2023
						Johnson 2023–present
119th						Johnson 2023–present

Notes

Resigned from office and from Congress.
Whoever held this office during this Congress is unknown.
Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861, and Houston withdrew from Congress ten days later on January 21.
Whoever held this office during this Congress is unknown, although it was likely vacant due to the American Civil War.
Died in office.
Resigned to become Vice President of the United States.
This person served as speaker pro tempore.

List of chairs

Chairs are currently limited to two consecutive terms.

Officeholder	State	Congress	Term
James Thompson	Pennsylvania	31st	1849–1851
N/A		32nd	1851–1853
Edson B. Olds	Ohio	33rd	1853–1855
George Washington Jones	Tennessee	34th	1855–1857
N/A		35th	1857–1859
George S. Houston	Alabama	36th	1859–1861
N/A		37th–40th	1861–1869
William E. Niblack, Samuel J. Randall	Indiana, Pennsylvania	41st	1869–1871
N/A		42nd	1871–1873
William E. Niblack	Indiana	43rd	1873–1875
Lucius Q.C. Lamar	Mississippi	44th	1875–1877
Hiester Clymer	Pennsylvania	45th	1877–1879
John F. House	Tennessee	46th	1879–1881
N/A		47th	1881–1883
George W. Geddes	Ohio	48th	1883–1885
J. Randolph Tucker	Virginia	49th	1885–1887
Samuel S. Cox	New York	50th	1887–1889
William S. Holman	Indiana	51st–53rd	1889–1895
David B. Culberson	Texas	54th	1895–1897
James D. Richardson	Tennessee	55th	1897–1899
James Hay	Virginia	56th–58th	1899–1905
Robert L. Henry	Texas	59th	1905–1907
Henry D. Clayton	Alabama	60th–61st	1907–1911
Albert S. Burleson	Texas	62nd	1911–1913
A. Mitchell Palmer	Pennsylvania	63rd	1913–1915
Edward W. Saunders	Virginia	64th–65th	1915–1919
Arthur G. DeWalt	Pennsylvania	66th	1919–1921
Sam Rayburn	Texas	67th	1921–1923
Henry T. Rainey	Illinois	68th	1923–1925
Charles D. Carter	Oklahoma	69th	1925–1927
Arthur H. Greenwood	Indiana	70th	1927–1929
David H. Kincheloe	Kentucky	71st	1929–1930
William W. Arnold	Illinois	72nd	1931–1933
Clarence F. Lea	California	73rd	1933–1935
Edward T. Taylor	Colorado	74th	1935–1937
Robert L. Doughton	North Carolina	75th	1937–1939
John W. McCormack	Massachusetts	76th	1939–1940
Richard M. Duncan	Missouri	77th	1941–1943
Harry R. Sheppard	California	78th	1943–1945
Jere Cooper	Tennessee	79th	1945–1947
Aime J. Forand	Rhode Island	80th	1947–1949
Francis E. Walter	Pennsylvania	81st	1949–1951
Jere Cooper	Tennessee	82nd	1951–1953
Wilbur D. Mills	Arkansas	83rd	1953–1955
John J. Rooney	New York	84th	1955–1957
Melvin Price	Illinois	85th–86th	1957–1961
Francis E. Walter	Pennsylvania	87th–88th	1961–1963
Albert Thomas	Texas	88th	1964–1965
Eugene Keogh	New York	89th	1965–1967
Dan Rostenkowski	Illinois	90th–91st	1967–1971
Olin Teague	Texas	92nd–93rd	1971–1975
Phillip Burton	California	94th	1976–1977
Thomas S. Foley	Washington	95th–96th	1977–1981
Gillis W. Long	Louisiana	97th–98th	1981–1985
Richard A. Gephardt	Missouri	99th–100th	1985–1989
William H. Gray III	Pennsylvania	101st	1989
Steny H. Hoyer	Maryland	101st–103rd	1989–1995
Vic Fazio	California	104th–105th	1995–1999
Martin Frost	Texas	106th–107th	1999–2003
Bob Menendez	New Jersey	108th–109th	2003–2006
James Clyburn	South Carolina	109th	2006–2007
Rahm Emanuel	Illinois	110th	2007–2009
John B. Larson	Connecticut	111th–112th	2009–2013
Xavier Becerra	California	113th–114th	2013–2017
Joe Crowley	New York	115th	2017–2019
Hakeem Jeffries	New York	116th–117th	2019–2023
Pete Aguilar	California	118th–119th	2023–present

List of vice-chairs

The vice-chair of the Democratic Caucus ranks just below the Chair of the House Democratic Caucus. In addition to other duties, the vice-chair has a seat on the Steering and Policy Committee.

Mary Rose Oakar (1987–1989)
Steny Hoyer (1989)
Vic Fazio (1989–1995)
Barbara B. Kennelly (1995–1999)
Bob Menendez (1999–2003)
Jim Clyburn (2003–2006)
John B. Larson (2006–2009)
Xavier Becerra (2009–2012)
Joe Crowley (2012–2017)
Linda Sánchez (2017–2019)
Katherine Clark (2019–2021)
Pete Aguilar (2021–2023)
Ted Lieu (2023–present)

List of secretaries

The office of secretary of the Democratic Caucus preceded the office of vice-chair. Until its elimination in 1987, the office of secretary was reserved for a female member of the House.

Chase G. Woodhouse (1949–1951)
Edna F. Kelly (1953–1957, 1964–1965)
Leonor K. Sullivan (1959–1964, 1965–1975)
Patsy Mink (1975–1977)
Shirley Chisholm (1977–1981)
Geraldine Ferraro (1981–1985)
Mary Rose Oakar (1985–1987)

References

"Rules of the Democratic Caucus". House Democrats. p. 5. Retrieved March 9, 2023. Rule 1. Caucus Membership A. All Members of the House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and the Delegates from American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands who are Members of the Democratic Party shall be prima facie Members of the Democratic Caucus of the House of Representatives.
Mizelle, Shawna (January 4, 2023). "Hakeem Jeffries to make history as the first Black lawmaker to lead a party in Congress | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
No clear records remain for this Congress.
No clear records remain for this Congress.
No clear records remain for these Congresses.
Caucus records show Representative Niblack and Representative Randall as both having served as chairman during the Congress, but no dates of service were specified.
Representative Fernando Wood of New York nominated the Democratic leadership slate in the House, but there is no other evidence to show he was elected caucus chairman.
Available data show that Representative John F. House nominated Samuel J. Randall as the Democratic candidate for Speaker, the traditional role of the caucus chairman. Later data show W.S. Rosecrans issuing the next call for a Democratic Caucus meeting, but there is no evidence to suggest that Rosecrans was actually elected caucus chairman.
Former Parliamentarian Clarence Cannon's notes state "Cox died during this Congress and [Representative James B.] McCreary evidently succeeded or acted for him." However, Representative Cox died on September 10, 1889, six months after the sine die adjournment of the 50th Congress and the convening of the 51st Congress.
Caucus records are contradictory for this period. They show the election of Representative James Hay as chairman on January 19, 1911, but do not mention a resignation by incumbent chairman Clayton, nor do they specify that Hay was elected chairman for the new Congress. Later, they show the election of Representative Albert S. Burleson on April 11, 1911.
Resigned from the House, October 5, 1930; there is no record of an election to fill the vacancy as caucus chair.
Resigned following election as majority (floor) leader, September 16, 1940; records do not indicate that a successor was chosen during the remainder of the Congress.
Died in office, May 31, 1963. Caucus chairman post vacant until January 21, 1964.
Representative Hoyer was elected Caucus Chairman on June 21, 1989, following the June 14, 1989, election of Representative William (Bill) H. Gray III as Majority Whip.
On January 16, 2006, Representative Menendez resigned from the House after he was appointed to the Senate.
"Hakeem Jeffries defeats Barbara Lee in battle for Dem Caucus chair". Politico. November 28, 2018.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
"Center for American Women and Politics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2008.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Congressional Women: On the Secretary position

External links

Official site of the Democratic Caucus

[resigned-3] Resigned from office and from Congress.

[unknown-4] Whoever held this office during this Congress is unknown.

[5] Alabama seceded from the Union on January 11, 1861, and Houston withdrew from Congress ten days later on January 21.

[vacant_civil_war-6] Whoever held this office during this Congress is unknown, although it was likely vacant due to the American Civil War.

[died-7] Died in office.

[8] Resigned to become Vice President of the United States.

[protem-9] This person served as speaker pro tempore.

[1] "Rules of the Democratic Caucus". House Democrats. p. 5. Retrieved March 9, 2023. Rule 1. Caucus Membership A. All Members of the House of Representatives, the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico, and the Delegates from American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands who are Members of the Democratic Party shall be prima facie Members of the Democratic Caucus of the House of Representatives.

[2] Mizelle, Shawna (January 4, 2023). "Hakeem Jeffries to make history as the first Black lawmaker to lead a party in Congress | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved January 4, 2023.

[10] No clear records remain for this Congress.

[11] No clear records remain for this Congress.

[12] No clear records remain for these Congresses.

[13] Caucus records show Representative Niblack and Representative Randall as both having served as chairman during the Congress, but no dates of service were specified.

[14] Representative Fernando Wood of New York nominated the Democratic leadership slate in the House, but there is no other evidence to show he was elected caucus chairman.

[15] Available data show that Representative John F. House nominated Samuel J. Randall as the Democratic candidate for Speaker, the traditional role of the caucus chairman. Later data show W.S. Rosecrans issuing the next call for a Democratic Caucus meeting, but there is no evidence to suggest that Rosecrans was actually elected caucus chairman.

[16] Former Parliamentarian Clarence Cannon's notes state "Cox died during this Congress and [Representative James B.] McCreary evidently succeeded or acted for him." However, Representative Cox died on September 10, 1889, six months after the sine die adjournment of the 50th Congress and the convening of the 51st Congress.

[17] Caucus records are contradictory for this period. They show the election of Representative James Hay as chairman on January 19, 1911, but do not mention a resignation by incumbent chairman Clayton, nor do they specify that Hay was elected chairman for the new Congress. Later, they show the election of Representative Albert S. Burleson on April 11, 1911.

[18] Resigned from the House, October 5, 1930; there is no record of an election to fill the vacancy as caucus chair.

[19] Resigned following election as majority (floor) leader, September 16, 1940; records do not indicate that a successor was chosen during the remainder of the Congress.

[20] Died in office, May 31, 1963. Caucus chairman post vacant until January 21, 1964.

[21] Representative Hoyer was elected Caucus Chairman on June 21, 1989, following the June 14, 1989, election of Representative William (Bill) H. Gray III as Majority Whip.

[22] On January 16, 2006, Representative Menendez resigned from the House after he was appointed to the Senate.

[23] "Hakeem Jeffries defeats Barbara Lee in battle for Dem Caucus chair". Politico. November 28, 2018.

[24] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2006. Retrieved December 21, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[25] "Center for American Women and Politics" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2008.

[26] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 4, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[27] Congressional Women: On the Secretary position