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The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia was the effort to relocate 22 monuments in Lower Nubia in Sout

International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia

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  • International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia

The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia was the effort to relocate 22 monuments in Lower Nubia, in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan, between 1960 and 1980. This was done in order to make way for the building of the Aswan Dam, at the Nile's first cataract (shallow rapids), a project launched following the 1952 Egyptian revolution. This project was undertaken under UNESCO leadership and a coalition of fifty countries. This process led to the creation of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, and thus the system of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia
image
UNESCO brochure on the anniversary of the campaign
image
The relocated monuments were from Lower Nubia, roughly between Aswan and Wadi Halfa. The area was entirely submerged by the creation of Lake Nasser
LocationAswan Governorate, Egypt
RegionNubia
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameNubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae
TypeCultural
Criteriai, iii, vi
Designated1979 (3rd session)
Reference no.88
RegionArab States

The construction of the Aswan Dam was a key objective of the new regime the Free Officers movement of 1952 in order to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, all of which were seen as pivotal for the industrialization of Egypt.

The building of the dam was to result in the creation of Lake Nasser, which would submerge the banks of the Nile along its entire 479 km (298 mi) length south of the dam – flooding the entire area of historical Lower Nubia. This region was home to 22 critical historical sites, including but not limited to the Abu Simbel temples; as well as the temples at Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.

It was described in the UNESCO Courier as "the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time".

In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae, as one of the second group of properties added to the list (the first 12 had been added in 1978).

History

image
The UNESCO division of the UN logo

In 1954, UNESCO founded the CEDAE (Centre d'Étude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Égypte, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt) in Cairo under the direction of Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, who was a French Egyptologist at the Louvre. The Study Centre worked on documenting over 400 private tombs, primarily through photography and photogrammetry. By September of 1955, field expeditions under Dr. Ahmed Badawi were undertaken in Nubia with UNESCO permission.

By 1959, Tharwat Okasha, the Egyptian Minister of Culture sought to work alongside UNESCO to safeguard and preserve Nubian monuments. He met with the Assistant Director-General of UNESCO, René Maheu to submit his appeal, which was quickly reassured to be responded to by Director-General Vittorino Veronese. A proposal was submitted to the Executive Board of UNESCO, which would later mount the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.

This was officially began after Vittorino Veronese's appeal to the Executive Board of UNESCO on March 8, 1960. During the proposal, he described it: "It is not easy to choose between a heritage of the past and the present well-being of a people, living in need in the shadow of one of history's most splendid legacies, it is not easy to choose between temples and crops." Doing so, he pointed out various concerns regarding the need to preserve Nubian cultural heritage sites in Egypt and Sudan while promoting the welfare of Egypt in relation to the proposed Aswan Dam.

The proposal was accepted, by the participation of many member states of UNESCO, though with the rule that 50% of finds would be relocated to museums in participating countries. The intention of the campaign became to perform a massive archeological survey of the region, and the second was to rescue temples and sites through feats of engineering. The level of fieldwork for the project had not been previous undertaken on equivalent scale or length of time, leaving many to praise the campaign as a feat of the field of archeology.

image
Wadi es-Sebua, or Valley of the Lions

Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, who remained in charge of the CEDAE (Centre d'Étude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Égypte, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt) in Cairo, held a leading role within the archeological survey aspect of the campaign. She was tasked with the manner in which notes would be circulated during the project, suggesting that archaeological missions working in Nubia would be required to hand over copies publications and notes produced during the project to the Centre, and abiding by the Centre's publication techniques. Excavations from Egypt would be only required to send over copies of notes, without requiring copies of publications or oversight into said publications. This is theorized to be related to the post-colonial desire to fortify Egyptian identity in a cultural history following the .

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The statue of Ramses the Great at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel is reassembled after having been moved in 1967 to save it from flooding.

The removal of temples was a project of greater difficulty. 18 of the 25 temples in the area affected by the Aswan Dam were rescued in whole or in part during the project. Sites were prioritized by importance, including the most expensive site excavated being Abu Simbel.

A honorary committee was first founded by King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden to create international support for the campaign, with various world political leaders and UNESCO members as participants. An official International Action Committee was established after under the UNESCO Director General in order to secure funding, service, and equipment from participating member states. They decided that UNESCO would be in charge of planning the program of operations, coordination of labor, and the collection of funding. The intention was for them to serve as an intermediaries between donors and the nations of Egypt and Sudan.

Egyptians contested the oversight of UNESCO, insisting that they could meet demands of donors without UNESCO involvement. Despite this, UNESCO continued a significant amount of oversight throughout the duration of the campaign.

The construction of Lake Nasser, as well as the excavations required in the Nubia campaign, involved the relocation of many Nubians native to the region. First in 1902 due to the construction of the Aswan Lower Dam, then in both 1912 and 1933 due to the rising water levels, and a fourth time after the creation of the Aswan High Dam. The forced relocation stripped many native Nubians of their ancestral homelands, with the compensation of unsuitable homes for living and agriculture. This forced many Nubians to immigrate to cities in Egypt and later Sudan.

Timeline

A timeline of the key dates of the campaign is shown below:

Diplomacy Relocation work Aswan Dam
6 April 1959 Egypt appeals to UNESCO
24 October 1959 Sudan appeals to UNESCO
9 January 1960 Work on the Aswan High Dam officially begun
8 March 1960 Director-General of Unesco appeals to the international community
Summer 1960 Temples of Taffeh, Dabod and Kertassi dismantled by the Egyptian Antiquities Service
Nov. Dec. 1962 Unesco's General Conference creates Executive Committee for the International Campaign
1962–63 Temple of Kalabsha dismantled, transferred and re-erected
Spring 1964 Work begins on transfer of Abu Simbel temples
14 May 1964 Diversion of Nile to feed the turbines of the High Dam
September 1964 Lake Nasser begins to fill
22 September 1968 Completion of the Abu Simbel operation
6 November 1968 UNESCO launches International Campaign to save the Temples of Philae
1970 Construction of Aswan High Dam completed
1972 Work begins on Philae rescue operation; monuments to be transferred to nearby island of Agilkia
May 1974 Cofferdam around the island of Philae is completed and water is pumped out
April 1977 Foundations of the Philae monuments ready on the island of Agilkia and reconstruction work begins
August 1979 Completed at Agilkia
10 March 1980 Overall project completion

Overview of Campaign

The campaign was primarily led by Tharwat Okasha, the Egyptian Minister of Culture, René Maheu, Assistant Director-General of UNESCO, and Christiane Desroches Noblecourt, French Egyptologist at the Louvre.

The number of relocated monuments have been stated as 22 or 24 depending on how an individual site is defined. Only one archaeological site in Lower Nubia, Qasr Ibrim, remains in its original location and above water; previously a cliff-top settlement, it was transformed into an island. The relocated sites can be grouped as follows:

  • Two temple groups moved nearby to nearly identical sites
  • Eleven temples rebuilt and grouped in three oases overlooking Lake Nasser
  • Seven temples placed in two museums
  • Five sent to Western museums as "grants-in-return" for technical and financial assistance

The list of relocated monuments is as follows:

Historical Relocation Current
Monument Image Location Period Date Led by Image Location
Abu Simbel (two temples) image 65m below current location 13th century BCE 1964–68 Coalition image 65m above historical location, in artificial hill
Philae temple complex image Philae Island 300 BCE – 100 AD 1972–79 Coalition image Agilkia Island
Temple of Amada image Amada 1400s BCE France image New Amada
Temple of Derr image Derr 1200s BCE Egypt image
Tomb of Pennut at Aniba image Aniba Egypt image
Temple of Kalabsha (except gate, see below) image Kalabsha 30 BCE 1962–63 Germany image New Kalabsha
Temple of Gerf Hussein image Gerf Hussein 1200s BCE Egypt image
Kiosk of Qertassi image Qertassi 0 – 100 AD 1960 Egypt image
Temple of Beit el-Wali image Beit el-Wali 1200s BCE Egypt image
Temple of Dakka image Dakka 200 BCE – 100 AD Egypt image New Wadi es-Sebua
Temple of Maharraqa image Maharraqa 0 – 100 AD Egypt image
Temples of Wadi es-Sebua image Wadi es-Sebua 1400–1200 BCE Egypt image
Horemheb Temple at Abu Oda image Abu Oda Nubian Museum, Aswan
Temple of Aksha Aksha 1200s BCE image National Museum of Sudan
The temples in the fortified town of Buhen image Buhen 1800s BCE image
The temples at Semna East and West fortresses image Semna 1900s BCE image
Temple of Debod image Debod 100s BCE 1960 Spain image Madrid, Spain
Temple of Dendur image Dendur 23 BCE United States image Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, United States
Temple of Taffeh image Taffeh 25 BCE – 14 CE 1960 Netherlands image Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, the Netherlands
Temple of Ellesyia Ellesyia 1400s BCE Italy image Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy
Kalabsha Gate image Kalabsha 30 BCE 1962–63 Germany image Egyptian Museum of Berlin, Germany – part of the Temple of Kalabsha

Historical images, monuments then and now

  • image
    Qasr Ibrim (1840s)
  • image
    Qasr Ibrim today
  • image
    Ruins of Bigeh (1840s)
  • image
    Bigeh ruins today

Description and contributions

Abu Simbel

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A scale model showing the original and current location of the temple (with respect to the water level) at the Nubian Museum, in Aswan

One scheme to save the Abu Simbel temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile. There were to be underwater viewing chambers. In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and civil engineer Ove Arup. They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds. However, the proposal, though acknowledged to be extremely elegant, was rejected.

The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner; it cost some US$40 million (equivalent to $632 million in 2024). Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history. Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser.

Philae

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Philae flooded by the Aswan Low Dam in 1906.

In 1902, the Aswan Low Dam was completed on the Nile River by the British. This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks, including the temple complex of Philae. The height of the dam was raised twice, from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934, and the island of Philae was nearly always flooded. In fact, the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the dam's sluices were open from July to October. During this period it was proposed that the temples be relocated, piece by piece, to nearby islands, such as Bigeh or Elephantine. However, the temples' foundations and other architectural supporting structures were strengthened instead. Although the buildings were physically secure, the island's attractive vegetation and the colors of the temples' reliefs were washed away. Also, the bricks of the Philae temples soon became encrusted with silt and other debris carried by the Nile. With each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round.

The work began in 1972, and in 1974 a large coffer dam was built, constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a 1 million cubic metres (35 million cubic feet) of sand was tipped. Any water that seeped through was pumped away. Next the monuments were cleaned and measured, by using photogrammetry, a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients. Then every building was dismantled into about 40,000 units from 2 to 25 tons, and then transported to the nearby Island of Agilkia, situated on higher ground some 500 metres (1,600 ft) away. Foundations of the Philae monuments were ready on Agilkia by April 1977, and the transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980.

Individual Egyptian campaigns

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The Temple of Dendur at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York

In addition to participating directly in the high profile salvage operations of Abu Simbel and Philae, the Egyptian Antiquities Organization carried out the rescue of many smaller temples and monuments alone using their own financial and technical means. As early as 1960 Egypt had started to rescue the temples of Taffeh (or Taffa), Debod and Qertassi, followed by Dakka and Maharraqa in 1961 and Dendur in 1962. The temples of Wadi es-Sebua and Beit el Wali and the rock tomb of Pennut at Aniba were moved in 1964 with the support of a US grant, whilst the subsequent re-erection was carried out with Egyptian resources. The Temple of Derr was rescued in 1965, and the temples of Gerf Husein, the chapel of Abu Oda (cut out of rock), the chapels of Qasr Ibrim (the rest of which has remained in situ), and many rock inscriptions and drawings, were also saved.

West German operation at Kalabsha

Early in the campaign, the West German authorities offered to dismantle and re-erect the Temple of Kalabsha, the largest temple in all of Lower Nubia, with costs paid by West Germany. Germany's interest in making a significant contribution stemmed from its Egyptological heritage, including Lepsius' milestone work Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, as more specifically the work of Franz Christian Gau who had documented Kalabsha as early as 1819.

French operation at Amada

In addition to the work of French archaeologists at Abu Simbel, the French government provided significant technical and financial support for the removal of the Temple of Amada. In 1964, the front portion of the temple was dismantled and transported on rails by the U.A.R. Antiquities Service. French archeologists then excavated the rest of the temple with the same railway system.

Amada was considered "one of the most distinctive and best preserved examples of the art of the 18th dynasty."

Wider archaeological campaign

Given the impending flooding of a wide area, Egypt and Sudan encouraged archaeological teams from across the world to carry out work as broadly as possible. Approximately 40 teams from across the world came to the region, to explore an area of approximately 500 km in length.

In addition to the relocation operations, many countries participated in excavation and preservation work. Some of this work took place at the CEDAE (Centre d'Étude et de Documentation sur l'Ancienne Égypte, in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt), founded in Cairo in 1955 to coordinate the academic efforts:

  • image Egypt: Five campaigns by the University of Cairo at Aniba. One campaign by the University of Alexandria at Gebel Adda. Eight excavation campaigns by the Antiquities Service on various sites. Three campaigns by the Antiquities Service for cutting out rock drawings. Removal of eight monuments, work in two others, dismantling of the front part of the temple of Amada and financial contribution to the work for saving this temple and those of Wadi es-Sebua, Beit el-Wali and Aniba.
  • image Sudan: Since 1960, successive expeditions by the Antiquities Service, led by a UNESCO expert, for a general survey of Sudanese Nubia; excavations at some of the most important sites.
  • image Argentina: Three archaeological campaigns in the Sudan by the National University of La Plata
  • image Austria: Six archaeological campaigns in Egypt by the University of Vienna, in Egypt. Sending of an epigraphist to the CEDAE.
  • image Belgium: Sending of three experts to the CEDAE. Photogrammetric and epigraphic records of five monuments in the Sudan. Contribution to the cost of transferring the temple of Semna, Sudan.
  • image Canada: One archaeological campaign in Egypt by the Royal Ontario Museum
  • image Czechoslovakia: Five expeditions in Egypt by the Institute of Classical Archaeology of Charles University
  • image Denmark, image Finland, image Norway, image Sweden: Four campaigns in Sudan by a joint mission. Finland alone: General surveying to the south of Gemai (near Wadi Halfa in Sudan).
  • image France: Six campaigns in Egypt by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Two campaigns in Egypt by the University of Strasbourg. Photogrammetric study. Sending of nine experts to the CEDAE. Removal and reconstruction of the Temple of Amada, together with Egypt. Seven campaigns in Sudan by the Commission Nationale des Fouilles". Payment of the costs involved in transferring the temple of Aksha, Sudan
  • image West Germany: Three campaigns by the German Archaeological Institute
  • image East Germany: Expeditions by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina to record the rock inscriptions and drawings and the ground-plan of the ruins of Attiri, Sudan.
  • image Ghana: Three campaigns in the Sudan by the University of Ghana
  • image Hungary: One campaign in Egypt by Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
  • image India: One campaign in Egypt by the Archaeological Survey of India
  • image Italy: Six campaigns in Egypt by the University of Milan, as well as the sending of three experts to the CEDAE. One campaign in Egypt by the Sapienza University of Rome. Three campaigns in Egypt by Museo Egizio (Turin), including financial contribution from city and museum for cutting out of the chapel of the Temple of Ellesyia. Experimental work with sounding methods by the Fondazione Lerici.
  • image Netherlands: Two campaigns by the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden, in Egypt: excavations of Abdallah Nirqi (early Christian village, church with painted decoration) and of Shokan (late Meroitic village). Preliminary studies for saving the Island of Philae. Contribution to the cost of saving the temple of Kumna (Sudan).
  • image Poland: One campaign in Egypt and four in Sudan by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw. Sending of four architects to the CEDAE.
  • image Spain: Four excavation campaigns and four campaigns to record and cut out rock inscriptions, in Egypt. Three excavation campaigns, in the Sudan.
  • image  Switzerland: Two excavation campaigns in Egypt by the Schweizerisches Institut für Ägyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Cairo, one in co-operation with the University of Chicago, and one in co-operation with the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. Architectural records of a temple and leadership of the Antiquities service expedition to cut out rock inscriptions in 1964. Sending of an expert to the CEDAE by the Swiss National Science Foundation.
  • image United Kingdom: Four campaigns in Egypt and two in Sudan by the Egypt Exploration Society. Two campaigns by the Egypt Exploration Society and the University of London for the general survey of Nubia. Sending of two experts to the CEDAE. Sending of an epigraphist (in co-operation with Brown University). Contribution to the dismantling of the temple of Buhen.
  • image United States: In Egypt: Four campaigns by the University of Chicago in Egypt, including one in co-operation with the Swiss Institute of Architectural Research. Complete surveying and recording of a temple by the University of Chicago. Four campaigns by Yale and Pennsylvania Universities. Pre-history research on the Abu Simbel site by Columbia University. Four campaigns by Yale University. Sending of an epigraphist by Brown University (Provi-dence) in collaboration with the Egypt Exploration Society. Four campaigns by the Museum of New Mexico (pre-history survey). Four campaigns by the American Research Centre. Contribution by the United States Government for saving the temples of Beit el- Wali, Wadi es-Sebua and Aniba. In Sudan: Three excavation campaigns by the University of Chicago. One pre-history survey campaign by Columbia University. Three pre-history survey campaigns by the Museum of New Mexico. Two excavation campaigns and one architectural survey campaign by the University of California. Sending of an epigraphist by Brown University (Providence). Three pre-history investigation campaigns by the University of Colorado Museum. Contribution by the United States Government for the transfer and re-erection of the temple of Buhen.
  • image Soviet Union: One survey and excavation campaign, in Egypt. General surveying and recording of rock inscriptions, in Egypt.
  • image Yugoslavia: Sending of two architects to the CEDAE. Removal of Christian wall paintings (two experts), in Egypt. Removal of Christian wall paintings (two experts), in the Sudan.

Financial contributions

The table below summarizes the contributions towards the project by the global coalition of nations. The vast majority of these contributions funded the operations at Abu Simbel and Philae.

Contributor USD (thousands) Notes
image Afghanistan 2 Government contribution
image Algeria 105
image Austria 37
image Belgium 82
image China 2
image Cuba 160
image Cyprus 5
image Denmark 15
image France 1,268
image West Germany 678
image Ghana 49
image Greece 30
image Holy See 35
image Indonesia 10
image Iraq 63
image Italy 1,176
image Japan 190
image Cambodia 5
image Kuwait 105
image Lebanon 40
image Libya 26
image Luxembourg 2
image Malaysia 14
image Mali 2
image Malta 0.2
image Monaco 10
image Morocco 4
image   Nepal 1
image Netherlands 557
image Nigeria 128
image Pakistan 130
image Philippines 10
image Qatar 60
image Saudi Arabia 8
image Sierra Leone 3
image Spain 525
image Sri Lanka 1
image Sudan 2
image Sweden 500
image  Switzerland 332
image Syria 152
image Togo 1
image Turkey 3
image Uganda 6
image United Kingdom 213
image United States 18,501
image Yugoslavia 226
image India (in kind) 415
image Romania (in kind) 5
Total Government contribution 25,893
Miscellaneous private contributions 36 Private contributions
American Committee for the Preservation of Abu Simbel 1,251
African Emergency Programme 21
Belgium exhibition proceeds 154
Canada exhibition proceeds 4
France exhibition proceeds 459
West Germany exhibition proceeds 1,208
Japan exhibition proceeds 1,089
Norway exhibition proceeds 6
Sweden exhibition proceeds 29
UK exhibition proceeds 1,601
USSR exhibition proceeds 1,602
image Sovereign Order of Malta 1
Egypt Tourist Tax 1,879 Other Income
Interest and exchange adjustments 1,408
World Food Programme 3,518
Philatelic revenue and income from Philae Medals 113
Grand total 40,273

World Heritage Site

In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". The inscribed area includes ten sites, five of which were relocated (all south of the city of Aswan), and five of which remain in their original position (near to the city of Aswan):

Relocated sites, south of the Aswan Low Dam

image
The relocated Abu Simbel monuments
  • Abu Simbel
  • New Amada
  • New Wadi Sebua
  • New Kalabsha
  • Philae temple complex (Agilkia Island)

Sites in their original location, north of the Aswan Low Dam – although these five sites are grouped within the "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae", they are neither Nubian, nor between Abu Simbel and Philae

  • Qubbet el-Hawa (Old and Middle Kingdom Tombs)
  • Ruins of town of Elephantine
  • Stone quarries and Unfinished obelisk, Aswan
  • Monastery of St. Simeon, Aswan
  • Fatimid Cemetery of Aswan

Gallery

  • image
    Egyptian Government offer to gift monuments overseas in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    Egyptian and Sudanese declarations in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    List of monuments at risk in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    List of monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    Philae Island in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    List of sites excavated in addition to the monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    Abu Simbel in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    1961 UNESCO Courier
  • image
    List of Monuments to be Relocated in the 1961 UNESCO Courier

Bibliography

UNESCO publications

  • A Common trust: the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia, 1960, UNESCO CUA.60/D.22/A
  • Save the treasures of Nubia: UNESCO launches a world appeal, 1960, UNESCO Courier
  • Abu Simbel: now or never, 1961, UNESCO Courier
  • Nubia's sands reveal their last secrets, 1964, UNESCO Courier
  • Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time, 1980, UNESCO Courier
  • Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny (1987). Temples and Tombs of Ancient Nubia: The International Rescue Campaign at Abu Simbel, Philae and Other Sites. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-92-3-102383-5. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
  • Success stories, 2019, UNESCO

Other publications

  • Desroches-Noblecourt, Christiane (1993). La Grande Nubiade ou Le parcours d'une égyptologue. Le Livre de poche (in French). Stock. ISBN 978-2-253-06366-7. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  • Larson, J.A. (2006). Lost Nubia: A Centennial Exhibit of Photographs from the 1905–1907 Egyptian Expedition of the University of Chicago (PDF). Oriental Institute Museum publications. Oriental Institute. ISBN 978-1-885923-45-5. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
  • Zurinaga Fernández-Toribio, Salomé (6 January 2017). "Rescue Archaeology and Spanish Journalism: The Abu Simbel Operation". AP: Online Journal in Public Archaeology. 3. JAS Arqueologia: 46. doi:10.23914/ap.v3i0.29. ISSN 2171-6315.
  • Allais, Lucia (2012). "The Design of the Nubian Desert: Monuments, Mobility, and the Space of Global Culture". Governing by Design: Architecture, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century. The Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 179ff. ISBN 978-0-8229-7789-6. Retrieved 12 October 2022. See also: [1]

See also

  • Tabqa Dam § Rescue excavations in the Lake Assad region

References

  1. Hassan, Fekri A. (28 November 2007). "The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign". The African Archaeological Review. 24 (3/4): 73–94. doi:10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5. JSTOR 40743449.
  2. The World Heritage Convention: "The event that aroused particular international concern was the decision to build the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, which would have flooded the valley containing the Abu Simbel temples, a treasure of ancient Egyptian civilization. In 1959, after an appeal from the governments of Egypt and Sudan, UNESCO launched an international safeguarding campaign. Archaeological research in the areas to be flooded was accelerated. Above all, the Abu Simbel and Philae temples were dismantled, moved to dry ground and reassembled. The campaign cost about US$80 million, half of which was donated by some 50 countries, showing the importance of solidarity and nations' shared responsibility in conserving outstanding cultural sites. Its success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving Venice and its Lagoon (Italy) and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (Pakistan), and restoring the Borobodur Temple Compounds (Indonesia). Consequently, UNESCO initiated, with the help of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the preparation of a draft convention on the protection of cultural heritage."
  3. Hassan, Fekri A. (28 November 2007). "The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign". The African Archaeological Review. 24 (3/4): 73–94. doi:10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5. JSTOR 40743449.
  4. Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time
  5. Meskell, L. (2018). A Future in Ruins: UNESCO, World Heritage, and the Dream of Peace. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–72. ISBN 978-0-19-064834-3. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
  6. Hassan, Fekri A. (28 November 2007). "The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign". The African Archaeological Review. 24 (3/4): 73–94. doi:10.1007/s10437-007-9018-5. JSTOR 40743449.
  7. A Common trust: the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia, 1960, UNESCO CUA.60/D.22/A, p. 22
  8. Wilson, John A. (16 October 1967). "The Nubian Campaign: An Exercise in International Archaeology". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 111 (5): 268–271. JSTOR 986044.
  9. Carruthers, William (1 July 2020). "Records of Dispossession: Archival Thinking and UNESCO'S Nubian Campaign in Egypt and Sudan". International Journal of Islamic Architecture. 9 (2): 287–314. doi:10.1386/ijia_00015_1 – via intellectdiscover.com.
  10. Carruthers, William (2022). Flooded Pasts: UNESCO, Nubia, and the Recolonization of Archaeology. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 237–273. ISBN 9781501766442.
  11. Sometimes spelled Saroite Okacha (in the French style of Arabic transliteration) in literature related to the International Nubian Campaign.
  12. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, p. 67.
  13. File:International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.pdf
  14. Allais 2012, p. 179.
  15. A.J. Clapham; P.A. Rowley-Conwy (2007). "New Discoveries at Qasr Ibrim". In R.T.J. Cappers (ed.). Fields of Change: Progress in African Archaeobotany. Groningen archaeological studies. David Brown Book Company. p. 157. ISBN 978-90-77922-30-9. Retrieved 5 November 2022. ... Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley
  16. Ruffini, G.R. (2012). Medieval Nubia: A Social and Economic History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-999620-9. Retrieved 5 November 2022. Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways. It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam.
  17. The monuments of Nubia had been documented by early travellers and archaeologists, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Below are notable illustrations of the monuments published in the 1840s by David Roberts in his The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
  18. Fry Drew Knight Creamer, 1978, London, Lund Humphries
  19. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. 9–126.
  20. Spencer, Terence (1966). The Race to Save Abu Simbel Is Won. Life magazine, 2 December 1966.
  21. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. 98–126.
  22. Säve-Söderbergh 1987.
  23. Kockelmann, Holger (24 April 2012). "Philae". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. 1 (1): 8 – via escholarship.org.
  24. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. 229–231.
  25. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, p. 135.
  26. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. 135–136.
  27. Stock, H.; Siegler, K.G. (1965). Kalabsha: der grösste Tempel Nubiens und das Abenteuer seiner Rettung (in German). F.A. Brockhaus. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  28. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. 128–129.
  29. "Amada; a whole temple moved on rails". UNESCO. December 1964. pp. 9–10. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  30. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. 132–133.
  31. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, p. 205.
  32. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. Annex I, 223–226.
  33. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. Annex I, 223226.
  34. Excavation Shokan. Research in Nubia from 1962 to 1964 on website rmo.nl. Retrieved 2023-08-23.
  35. Säve-Söderbergh 1987, pp. Annex IV, 232–233.
  36. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 12 October 2022.

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The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia was the effort to relocate 22 monuments in Lower Nubia in Southern Egypt and northern Sudan between 1960 and 1980 This was done in order to make way for the building of the Aswan Dam at the Nile s first cataract shallow rapids a project launched following the 1952 Egyptian revolution This project was undertaken under UNESCO leadership and a coalition of fifty countries This process led to the creation of the World Heritage Convention in 1972 and thus the system of UNESCO World Heritage Sites International Campaign to Save the Monuments of NubiaUNESCO brochure on the anniversary of the campaignThe relocated monuments were from Lower Nubia roughly between Aswan and Wadi Halfa The area was entirely submerged by the creation of Lake NasserLocationAswan Governorate EgyptRegionNubiaUNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameNubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to PhilaeTypeCulturalCriteriai iii viDesignated1979 3rd session Reference no 88RegionArab States The construction of the Aswan Dam was a key objective of the new regime the Free Officers movement of 1952 in order to better control flooding provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity all of which were seen as pivotal for the industrialization of Egypt The building of the dam was to result in the creation of Lake Nasser which would submerge the banks of the Nile along its entire 479 km 298 mi length south of the dam flooding the entire area of historical Lower Nubia This region was home to 22 critical historical sites including but not limited to the Abu Simbel temples as well as the temples at Philae Kalabsha and Amada It was described in the UNESCO Courier as the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time In April 1979 the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae as one of the second group of properties added to the list the first 12 had been added in 1978 HistoryThe UNESCO division of the UN logo In 1954 UNESCO founded the CEDAE Centre d Etude et de Documentation sur l Ancienne Egypte in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt in Cairo under the direction of Christiane Desroches Noblecourt who was a French Egyptologist at the Louvre The Study Centre worked on documenting over 400 private tombs primarily through photography and photogrammetry By September of 1955 field expeditions under Dr Ahmed Badawi were undertaken in Nubia with UNESCO permission By 1959 Tharwat Okasha the Egyptian Minister of Culture sought to work alongside UNESCO to safeguard and preserve Nubian monuments He met with the Assistant Director General of UNESCO Rene Maheu to submit his appeal which was quickly reassured to be responded to by Director General Vittorino Veronese A proposal was submitted to the Executive Board of UNESCO which would later mount the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia This was officially began after Vittorino Veronese s appeal to the Executive Board of UNESCO on March 8 1960 During the proposal he described it It is not easy to choose between a heritage of the past and the present well being of a people living in need in the shadow of one of history s most splendid legacies it is not easy to choose between temples and crops Doing so he pointed out various concerns regarding the need to preserve Nubian cultural heritage sites in Egypt and Sudan while promoting the welfare of Egypt in relation to the proposed Aswan Dam The proposal was accepted by the participation of many member states of UNESCO though with the rule that 50 of finds would be relocated to museums in participating countries The intention of the campaign became to perform a massive archeological survey of the region and the second was to rescue temples and sites through feats of engineering The level of fieldwork for the project had not been previous undertaken on equivalent scale or length of time leaving many to praise the campaign as a feat of the field of archeology Wadi es Sebua or Valley of the Lions Christiane Desroches Noblecourt who remained in charge of the CEDAE Centre d Etude et de Documentation sur l Ancienne Egypte in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt in Cairo held a leading role within the archeological survey aspect of the campaign She was tasked with the manner in which notes would be circulated during the project suggesting that archaeological missions working in Nubia would be required to hand over copies publications and notes produced during the project to the Centre and abiding by the Centre s publication techniques Excavations from Egypt would be only required to send over copies of notes without requiring copies of publications or oversight into said publications This is theorized to be related to the post colonial desire to fortify Egyptian identity in a cultural history following the The statue of Ramses the Great at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel is reassembled after having been moved in 1967 to save it from flooding The removal of temples was a project of greater difficulty 18 of the 25 temples in the area affected by the Aswan Dam were rescued in whole or in part during the project Sites were prioritized by importance including the most expensive site excavated being Abu Simbel A honorary committee was first founded by King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden to create international support for the campaign with various world political leaders and UNESCO members as participants An official International Action Committee was established after under the UNESCO Director General in order to secure funding service and equipment from participating member states They decided that UNESCO would be in charge of planning the program of operations coordination of labor and the collection of funding The intention was for them to serve as an intermediaries between donors and the nations of Egypt and Sudan Egyptians contested the oversight of UNESCO insisting that they could meet demands of donors without UNESCO involvement Despite this UNESCO continued a significant amount of oversight throughout the duration of the campaign The construction of Lake Nasser as well as the excavations required in the Nubia campaign involved the relocation of many Nubians native to the region First in 1902 due to the construction of the Aswan Lower Dam then in both 1912 and 1933 due to the rising water levels and a fourth time after the creation of the Aswan High Dam The forced relocation stripped many native Nubians of their ancestral homelands with the compensation of unsuitable homes for living and agriculture This forced many Nubians to immigrate to cities in Egypt and later Sudan TimelineA timeline of the key dates of the campaign is shown below Diplomacy Relocation work Aswan Dam 6 April 1959 Egypt appeals to UNESCO 24 October 1959 Sudan appeals to UNESCO 9 January 1960 Work on the Aswan High Dam officially begun 8 March 1960 Director General of Unesco appeals to the international community Summer 1960 Temples of Taffeh Dabod and Kertassi dismantled by the Egyptian Antiquities Service Nov Dec 1962 Unesco s General Conference creates Executive Committee for the International Campaign 1962 63 Temple of Kalabsha dismantled transferred and re erected Spring 1964 Work begins on transfer of Abu Simbel temples 14 May 1964 Diversion of Nile to feed the turbines of the High Dam September 1964 Lake Nasser begins to fill 22 September 1968 Completion of the Abu Simbel operation 6 November 1968 UNESCO launches International Campaign to save the Temples of Philae 1970 Construction of Aswan High Dam completed 1972 Work begins on Philae rescue operation monuments to be transferred to nearby island of Agilkia May 1974 Cofferdam around the island of Philae is completed and water is pumped out April 1977 Foundations of the Philae monuments ready on the island of Agilkia and reconstruction work begins August 1979 Completed at Agilkia 10 March 1980 Overall project completionOverview of CampaignThe campaign was primarily led by Tharwat Okasha the Egyptian Minister of Culture Rene Maheu Assistant Director General of UNESCO and Christiane Desroches Noblecourt French Egyptologist at the Louvre The number of relocated monuments have been stated as 22 or 24 depending on how an individual site is defined Only one archaeological site in Lower Nubia Qasr Ibrim remains in its original location and above water previously a cliff top settlement it was transformed into an island The relocated sites can be grouped as follows Two temple groups moved nearby to nearly identical sites Eleven temples rebuilt and grouped in three oases overlooking Lake Nasser Seven temples placed in two museums Five sent to Western museums as grants in return for technical and financial assistance The list of relocated monuments is as follows Historical Relocation Current Monument Image Location Period Date Led by Image Location Abu Simbel two temples 65m below current location 13th century BCE 1964 68 Coalition 65m above historical location in artificial hill Philae temple complex Philae Island 300 BCE 100 AD 1972 79 Coalition Agilkia Island Temple of Amada Amada 1400s BCE France New Amada Temple of Derr Derr 1200s BCE Egypt Tomb of Pennut at Aniba Aniba Egypt Temple of Kalabsha except gate see below Kalabsha 30 BCE 1962 63 Germany New Kalabsha Temple of Gerf Hussein Gerf Hussein 1200s BCE Egypt Kiosk of Qertassi Qertassi 0 100 AD 1960 Egypt Temple of Beit el Wali Beit el Wali 1200s BCE Egypt Temple of Dakka Dakka 200 BCE 100 AD Egypt New Wadi es Sebua Temple of Maharraqa Maharraqa 0 100 AD Egypt Temples of Wadi es Sebua Wadi es Sebua 1400 1200 BCE Egypt Horemheb Temple at Abu Oda Abu Oda Nubian Museum Aswan Temple of Aksha Aksha 1200s BCE National Museum of Sudan The temples in the fortified town of Buhen Buhen 1800s BCE The temples at Semna East and West fortresses Semna 1900s BCE Temple of Debod Debod 100s BCE 1960 Spain Madrid Spain Temple of Dendur Dendur 23 BCE United States Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City United States Temple of Taffeh Taffeh 25 BCE 14 CE 1960 Netherlands Rijksmuseum van Oudheden Leiden the Netherlands Temple of Ellesyia Ellesyia 1400s BCE Italy Museo Egizio Turin Italy Kalabsha Gate Kalabsha 30 BCE 1962 63 Germany Egyptian Museum of Berlin Germany part of the Temple of Kalabsha Historical images monuments then and now Qasr Ibrim 1840s Qasr Ibrim today Ruins of Bigeh 1840s Bigeh ruins todayDescription and contributionsAbu Simbel A scale model showing the original and current location of the temple with respect to the water level at the Nubian Museum in Aswan One scheme to save the Abu Simbel temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile There were to be underwater viewing chambers In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and civil engineer Ove Arup They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds However the proposal though acknowledged to be extremely elegant was rejected The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner it cost some US 40 million equivalent to 632 million in 2024 Between 1964 and 1968 the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks up to 30 tons averaging 20 tons dismantled lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser Philae Philae flooded by the Aswan Low Dam in 1906 In 1902 the Aswan Low Dam was completed on the Nile River by the British This threatened to submerge many ancient landmarks including the temple complex of Philae The height of the dam was raised twice from 1907 to 1912 and from 1929 to 1934 and the island of Philae was nearly always flooded In fact the only times that the complex was not underwater was when the dam s sluices were open from July to October During this period it was proposed that the temples be relocated piece by piece to nearby islands such as Bigeh or Elephantine However the temples foundations and other architectural supporting structures were strengthened instead Although the buildings were physically secure the island s attractive vegetation and the colors of the temples reliefs were washed away Also the bricks of the Philae temples soon became encrusted with silt and other debris carried by the Nile With each inundation the situation worsened and in the 1960s the island was submerged up to a third of the buildings all year round The work began in 1972 and in 1974 a large coffer dam was built constructed of two rows of steel plates between which a 1 million cubic metres 35 million cubic feet of sand was tipped Any water that seeped through was pumped away Next the monuments were cleaned and measured by using photogrammetry a method that enables the exact reconstruction of the original size of the building blocks that were used by the ancients Then every building was dismantled into about 40 000 units from 2 to 25 tons and then transported to the nearby Island of Agilkia situated on higher ground some 500 metres 1 600 ft away Foundations of the Philae monuments were ready on Agilkia by April 1977 and the transfer itself took place between 1977 and 1980 Individual Egyptian campaigns The Temple of Dendur at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York In addition to participating directly in the high profile salvage operations of Abu Simbel and Philae the Egyptian Antiquities Organization carried out the rescue of many smaller temples and monuments alone using their own financial and technical means As early as 1960 Egypt had started to rescue the temples of Taffeh or Taffa Debod and Qertassi followed by Dakka and Maharraqa in 1961 and Dendur in 1962 The temples of Wadi es Sebua and Beit el Wali and the rock tomb of Pennut at Aniba were moved in 1964 with the support of a US grant whilst the subsequent re erection was carried out with Egyptian resources The Temple of Derr was rescued in 1965 and the temples of Gerf Husein the chapel of Abu Oda cut out of rock the chapels of Qasr Ibrim the rest of which has remained in situ and many rock inscriptions and drawings were also saved West German operation at Kalabsha Early in the campaign the West German authorities offered to dismantle and re erect the Temple of Kalabsha the largest temple in all of Lower Nubia with costs paid by West Germany Germany s interest in making a significant contribution stemmed from its Egyptological heritage including Lepsius milestone work Denkmaler aus Agypten und Athiopien as more specifically the work of Franz Christian Gau who had documented Kalabsha as early as 1819 French operation at Amada In addition to the work of French archaeologists at Abu Simbel the French government provided significant technical and financial support for the removal of the Temple of Amada In 1964 the front portion of the temple was dismantled and transported on rails by the U A R Antiquities Service French archeologists then excavated the rest of the temple with the same railway system Amada was considered one of the most distinctive and best preserved examples of the art of the 18th dynasty Wider archaeological campaign Given the impending flooding of a wide area Egypt and Sudan encouraged archaeological teams from across the world to carry out work as broadly as possible Approximately 40 teams from across the world came to the region to explore an area of approximately 500 km in length In addition to the relocation operations many countries participated in excavation and preservation work Some of this work took place at the CEDAE Centre d Etude et de Documentation sur l Ancienne Egypte in English the Documentation and Study Centre for the History of the Art and Civilization of Ancient Egypt founded in Cairo in 1955 to coordinate the academic efforts Egypt Five campaigns by the University of Cairo at Aniba One campaign by the University of Alexandria at Gebel Adda Eight excavation campaigns by the Antiquities Service on various sites Three campaigns by the Antiquities Service for cutting out rock drawings Removal of eight monuments work in two others dismantling of the front part of the temple of Amada and financial contribution to the work for saving this temple and those of Wadi es Sebua Beit el Wali and Aniba Sudan Since 1960 successive expeditions by the Antiquities Service led by a UNESCO expert for a general survey of Sudanese Nubia excavations at some of the most important sites Argentina Three archaeological campaigns in the Sudan by the National University of La Plata Austria Six archaeological campaigns in Egypt by the University of Vienna in Egypt Sending of an epigraphist to the CEDAE Belgium Sending of three experts to the CEDAE Photogrammetric and epigraphic records of five monuments in the Sudan Contribution to the cost of transferring the temple of Semna Sudan Canada One archaeological campaign in Egypt by the Royal Ontario Museum Czechoslovakia Five expeditions in Egypt by the Institute of Classical Archaeology of Charles University Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Four campaigns in Sudan by a joint mission Finland alone General surveying to the south of Gemai near Wadi Halfa in Sudan France Six campaigns in Egypt by the Institut Francais d Archeologie Orientale Two campaigns in Egypt by the University of Strasbourg Photogrammetric study Sending of nine experts to the CEDAE Removal and reconstruction of the Temple of Amada together with Egypt Seven campaigns in Sudan by the Commission Nationale des Fouilles Payment of the costs involved in transferring the temple of Aksha Sudan West Germany Three campaigns by the German Archaeological Institute East Germany Expeditions by the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina to record the rock inscriptions and drawings and the ground plan of the ruins of Attiri Sudan Ghana Three campaigns in the Sudan by the University of Ghana Hungary One campaign in Egypt by Museum of Fine Arts Budapest India One campaign in Egypt by the Archaeological Survey of India Italy Six campaigns in Egypt by the University of Milan as well as the sending of three experts to the CEDAE One campaign in Egypt by the Sapienza University of Rome Three campaigns in Egypt by Museo Egizio Turin including financial contribution from city and museum for cutting out of the chapel of the Temple of Ellesyia Experimental work with sounding methods by the Fondazione Lerici Netherlands Two campaigns by the National Museum of Antiquities Leiden in Egypt excavations of Abdallah Nirqi early Christian village church with painted decoration and of Shokan late Meroitic village Preliminary studies for saving the Island of Philae Contribution to the cost of saving the temple of Kumna Sudan Poland One campaign in Egypt and four in Sudan by the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology University of Warsaw Sending of four architects to the CEDAE Spain Four excavation campaigns and four campaigns to record and cut out rock inscriptions in Egypt Three excavation campaigns in the Sudan Switzerland Two excavation campaigns in Egypt by the Schweizerisches Institut fur Agyptische Bauforschung und Altertumskunde in Cairo one in co operation with the University of Chicago and one in co operation with the Institut Francais d Archeologie Orientale Architectural records of a temple and leadership of the Antiquities service expedition to cut out rock inscriptions in 1964 Sending of an expert to the CEDAE by the Swiss National Science Foundation United Kingdom Four campaigns in Egypt and two in Sudan by the Egypt Exploration Society Two campaigns by the Egypt Exploration Society and the University of London for the general survey of Nubia Sending of two experts to the CEDAE Sending of an epigraphist in co operation with Brown University Contribution to the dismantling of the temple of Buhen United States In Egypt Four campaigns by the University of Chicago in Egypt including one in co operation with the Swiss Institute of Architectural Research Complete surveying and recording of a temple by the University of Chicago Four campaigns by Yale and Pennsylvania Universities Pre history research on the Abu Simbel site by Columbia University Four campaigns by Yale University Sending of an epigraphist by Brown University Provi dence in collaboration with the Egypt Exploration Society Four campaigns by the Museum of New Mexico pre history survey Four campaigns by the American Research Centre Contribution by the United States Government for saving the temples of Beit el Wali Wadi es Sebua and Aniba In Sudan Three excavation campaigns by the University of Chicago One pre history survey campaign by Columbia University Three pre history survey campaigns by the Museum of New Mexico Two excavation campaigns and one architectural survey campaign by the University of California Sending of an epigraphist by Brown University Providence Three pre history investigation campaigns by the University of Colorado Museum Contribution by the United States Government for the transfer and re erection of the temple of Buhen Soviet Union One survey and excavation campaign in Egypt General surveying and recording of rock inscriptions in Egypt Yugoslavia Sending of two architects to the CEDAE Removal of Christian wall paintings two experts in Egypt Removal of Christian wall paintings two experts in the Sudan Financial contributions The table below summarizes the contributions towards the project by the global coalition of nations The vast majority of these contributions funded the operations at Abu Simbel and Philae Contributor USD thousands Notes Afghanistan 2 Government contribution Algeria 105 Austria 37 Belgium 82 China 2 Cuba 160 Cyprus 5 Denmark 15 France 1 268 West Germany 678 Ghana 49 Greece 30 Holy See 35 Indonesia 10 Iraq 63 Italy 1 176 Japan 190 Cambodia 5 Kuwait 105 Lebanon 40 Libya 26 Luxembourg 2 Malaysia 14 Mali 2 Malta 0 2 Monaco 10 Morocco 4 Nepal 1 Netherlands 557 Nigeria 128 Pakistan 130 Philippines 10 Qatar 60 Saudi Arabia 8 Sierra Leone 3 Spain 525 Sri Lanka 1 Sudan 2 Sweden 500 Switzerland 332 Syria 152 Togo 1 Turkey 3 Uganda 6 United Kingdom 213 United States 18 501 Yugoslavia 226 India in kind 415 Romania in kind 5 Total Government contribution 25 893 Miscellaneous private contributions 36 Private contributions American Committee for the Preservation of Abu Simbel 1 251 African Emergency Programme 21 Belgium exhibition proceeds 154 Canada exhibition proceeds 4 France exhibition proceeds 459 West Germany exhibition proceeds 1 208 Japan exhibition proceeds 1 089 Norway exhibition proceeds 6 Sweden exhibition proceeds 29 UK exhibition proceeds 1 601 USSR exhibition proceeds 1 602 Sovereign Order of Malta 1 Egypt Tourist Tax 1 879 Other Income Interest and exchange adjustments 1 408 World Food Programme 3 518 Philatelic revenue and income from Philae Medals 113 Grand total 40 273World Heritage SiteIn April 1979 the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae The inscribed area includes ten sites five of which were relocated all south of the city of Aswan and five of which remain in their original position near to the city of Aswan Relocated sites south of the Aswan Low Dam The relocated Abu Simbel monuments Abu Simbel New Amada New Wadi Sebua New Kalabsha Philae temple complex Agilkia Island Sites in their original location north of the Aswan Low Dam although these five sites are grouped within the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae they are neither Nubian nor between Abu Simbel and Philae Qubbet el Hawa Old and Middle Kingdom Tombs Ruins of town of Elephantine Stone quarries and Unfinished obelisk Aswan Monastery of St Simeon Aswan Fatimid Cemetery of AswanGalleryEgyptian Government offer to gift monuments overseas in the 1960 UNESCO Courier Egyptian and Sudanese declarations in the 1960 UNESCO Courier List of monuments at risk in the 1960 UNESCO Courier List of monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier Philae Island in the 1961 UNESCO Courier List of sites excavated in addition to the monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier Abu Simbel in the 1961 UNESCO Courier 1961 UNESCO Courier List of Monuments to be Relocated in the 1961 UNESCO CourierBibliographyUNESCO publications A Common trust the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia 1960 UNESCO CUA 60 D 22 A Save the treasures of Nubia UNESCO launches a world appeal 1960 UNESCO Courier Abu Simbel now or never 1961 UNESCO Courier Nubia s sands reveal their last secrets 1964 UNESCO Courier Victory in Nubia the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time 1980 UNESCO Courier Save Soderbergh Torgny 1987 Temples and Tombs of Ancient Nubia The International Rescue Campaign at Abu Simbel Philae and Other Sites Thames and Hudson ISBN 978 92 3 102383 5 Retrieved 12 October 2022 Success stories 2019 UNESCO Other publications Desroches Noblecourt Christiane 1993 La Grande Nubiade ou Le parcours d une egyptologue Le Livre de poche in French Stock ISBN 978 2 253 06366 7 Retrieved 11 November 2022 Larson J A 2006 Lost Nubia A Centennial Exhibit of Photographs from the 1905 1907 Egyptian Expedition of the University of Chicago PDF Oriental Institute Museum publications Oriental Institute ISBN 978 1 885923 45 5 Retrieved 11 November 2022 Zurinaga Fernandez Toribio Salome 6 January 2017 Rescue Archaeology and Spanish Journalism The Abu Simbel Operation AP Online Journal in Public Archaeology 3 JAS Arqueologia 46 doi 10 23914 ap v3i0 29 ISSN 2171 6315 Allais Lucia 2012 The Design of the Nubian Desert Monuments Mobility and the Space of Global Culture Governing by Design Architecture Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century The Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative University of Pittsburgh Press pp 179ff ISBN 978 0 8229 7789 6 Retrieved 12 October 2022 See also 1 See alsoTabqa Dam Rescue excavations in the Lake Assad regionReferencesHassan Fekri A 28 November 2007 The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign The African Archaeological Review 24 3 4 73 94 doi 10 1007 s10437 007 9018 5 JSTOR 40743449 The World Heritage Convention The event that aroused particular international concern was the decision to build the Aswan High Dam in Egypt which would have flooded the valley containing the Abu Simbel temples a treasure of ancient Egyptian civilization In 1959 after an appeal from the governments of Egypt and Sudan UNESCO launched an international safeguarding campaign Archaeological research in the areas to be flooded was accelerated Above all the Abu Simbel and Philae temples were dismantled moved to dry ground and reassembled The campaign cost about US 80 million half of which was donated by some 50 countries showing the importance of solidarity and nations shared responsibility in conserving outstanding cultural sites Its success led to other safeguarding campaigns such as saving Venice and its Lagoon Italy and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro Pakistan and restoring the Borobodur Temple Compounds Indonesia Consequently UNESCO initiated with the help of the International Council on Monuments and Sites ICOMOS the preparation of a draft convention on the protection of cultural heritage Hassan Fekri A 28 November 2007 The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign The African Archaeological Review 24 3 4 73 94 doi 10 1007 s10437 007 9018 5 JSTOR 40743449 Victory in Nubia the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time Meskell L 2018 A Future in Ruins UNESCO World Heritage and the Dream of Peace Oxford University Press pp 71 72 ISBN 978 0 19 064834 3 Retrieved 4 November 2022 Hassan Fekri A 28 November 2007 The Aswan Dam and the International Rescue Nubia Campaign The African Archaeological Review 24 3 4 73 94 doi 10 1007 s10437 007 9018 5 JSTOR 40743449 A Common trust the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia 1960 UNESCO CUA 60 D 22 A p 22 Wilson John A 16 October 1967 The Nubian Campaign An Exercise in International Archaeology Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 111 5 268 271 JSTOR 986044 Carruthers William 1 July 2020 Records of Dispossession Archival Thinking and UNESCO S Nubian Campaign in Egypt and Sudan International Journal of Islamic Architecture 9 2 287 314 doi 10 1386 ijia 00015 1 via intellectdiscover com Carruthers William 2022 Flooded Pasts UNESCO Nubia and the Recolonization of Archaeology Ithaca New York Cornell University Press pp 237 273 ISBN 9781501766442 Sometimes spelled Saroite Okacha in the French style of Arabic transliteration in literature related to the International Nubian Campaign Save Soderbergh 1987 p 67 File International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia pdf Allais 2012 p 179 A J Clapham P A Rowley Conwy 2007 New Discoveries at Qasr Ibrim In R T J Cappers ed Fields of Change Progress in African Archaeobotany Groningen archaeological studies David Brown Book Company p 157 ISBN 978 90 77922 30 9 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Qasr Ibrim is the only in situ site left in Lower Nubia since the flooding of the Nile valley Ruffini G R 2012 Medieval Nubia A Social and Economic History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 999620 9 Retrieved 5 November 2022 Qasr Ibrim is critically important in a number of ways It is the only site in Lower Nubia that remained above water after the completion of the Aswan high dam The monuments of Nubia had been documented by early travellers and archaeologists particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries Below are notable illustrations of the monuments published in the 1840s by David Roberts in his The Holy Land Syria Idumea Arabia Egypt and Nubia Fry Drew Knight Creamer 1978 London Lund Humphries Save Soderbergh 1987 pp 9 126 Spencer Terence 1966 The Race to Save Abu Simbel Is Won Life magazine 2 December 1966 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp 98 126 Save Soderbergh 1987 Kockelmann Holger 24 April 2012 Philae UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 1 1 8 via escholarship org Save Soderbergh 1987 pp 229 231 Save Soderbergh 1987 p 135 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp 135 136 Stock H Siegler K G 1965 Kalabsha der grosste Tempel Nubiens und das Abenteuer seiner Rettung in German F A Brockhaus Retrieved 10 November 2022 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp 128 129 Amada a whole temple moved on rails UNESCO December 1964 pp 9 10 Retrieved 18 March 2024 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp 132 133 Save Soderbergh 1987 p 205 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp Annex I 223 226 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp Annex I 223226 Excavation Shokan Research in Nubia from 1962 to 1964 on website rmo nl Retrieved 2023 08 23 Save Soderbergh 1987 pp Annex IV 232 233 Centre UNESCO World Heritage Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 12 October 2022 External linksVideo on YouTube Video on YouTube Video on YouTube

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