John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby (7 April 1648 – 24 February 1721) was an English poet and Tory politician of the late Stuart period who served as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council. He was also known by his original title, Lord Mulgrave.
His Grace The Duke of Buckingham and Normanby KG PC | |
---|---|
![]() Portrait by Godfrey Kneller | |
Lord President of the Council | |
In office 13 June 1711 – 23 September 1714 | |
Monarchs | Anne George I |
Preceded by | The Earl of Rochester |
Succeeded by | The Earl of Nottingham |
In office 13 June 1711 – 1721 | |
1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby | |
Personal details | |
Born | 8 September 1647 |
Died | 24 February 1721 (aged 73) |
Nationality | English |
Parent(s) | Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Earl of Mulgrave Elizabeth Cranfield |
Occupation | Poet, politician |
Life
John Sheffield was the only son of Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Earl of Mulgrave, and succeeded his father as 3rd Earl and 5th Baron Sheffield in 1658.
At the age of eighteen he joined the fleet, to serve in the Second Anglo-Dutch War; on the renewal of hostilities in 1672 he was present at the Battle of Sole Bay, and in the next year received the command of a ship. He was also made a colonel of infantry, and served for some time under Turenne. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1674. In 1680 he was put in charge of an expedition sent to relieve the Garrison of the town of Tangier, which was then under siege by Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif. It was said that he was provided with a rotten ship in the hope that he would not return, but the reason of this abortive plot, if plot there was, is not exactly ascertained. At court he took the side of the Duke of York and helped to bring about the Duke of Monmouth's disgrace.
In 1682 he was dismissed from the court, apparently for putting himself forward as a suitor for the Princess Anne (who that year was aged 17 while Sheffield was 35 and himself not yet married), but on the accession of King James II, he received a seat in the Privy Council, and was made Lord Chamberlain. (He later married Catherine, the daughter of the king's mistress, Catherine Sedley). He supported James in his most unpopular measures, and stayed with him in London during the time of his flight. He also protected the Spanish ambassador from the dangerous anger of the mob. He acquiesced, however, in the "Glorious Revolution", and in 1694 was made Marquess of Normanby. In 1696 he refused in company with other Tory peers to sign an agreement to support William III as their "rightful and lawful king" against Jacobite attempts, and was consequently dismissed from the privy council. On the accession of Queen Anne, of whom he was a personal favourite, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire, and in 1703 was created Duke of Buckingham and Normanby.
During the predominance of the Whigs between 1705 and 1710, Buckingham was deprived of his office as Lord Privy Seal, but in 1710 he was made Lord Steward, and in 1711 Lord President of the Council. After Queen Anne's death he was not reappointed. He died on 24 February 1721 at his house in St. James's Park, on the site of the present Buckingham Palace. Buckingham was succeeded by his son, Edmund (1716–1735), on whose death the titles became extinct.
Literary works
Buckingham was the author of An Account of the Revolution and some other essays, and of numerous poems, among them the Essay on Poetry and the Essay on Satire. It is probable that the Essay on Satire, which attacked many notable persons, "sauntering Charles" amongst others, was circulated in MS. It was often attributed at the time to Dryden, who accordingly suffered a thrashing at the hands of Lord Rochester's bravoes for the reflections it contained upon the earl. Mulgrave was a patron of Dryden, who may possibly have revised it, but was certainly not responsible, although it is commonly printed with his works. Mulgrave adapted Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, breaking it up into two plays, Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus. He introduced choruses between the acts, two of these being written by Alexander Pope, and an incongruous love scene between Brutus and Portia. He was a constant friend and patron of Pope, who expressed a flattering opinion of his Essay on Poetry. This, although smoothly enough written, deals chiefly with commonplaces.
In 1721 Edmund Curll published a pirated edition of his works, and was brought before the bar of the House of Lords for breach of privilege accordingly. An authorized edition under the superintendence of Pope appeared in 1723, but the authorities cut out the Account of the Revolution and The Feast of the Gods on account of their alleged Jacobite tendencies. These were printed at the Hague in 1727. Pope disingenuously repudiated any knowledge of the contents. Other editions reappeared in 1723, 1726, 1729, 1740 and 1753. His Poems were included in Johnson's and other editions of the British poets.
Family
On 18 March 1685, in the chapel of Littlecote House, Ramsbury, Wiltshire, Buckingham married as his first wife Ursula Stawell, a daughter of George Stawell by his marriage to Ursula Austen. She died on 13 August 1697.
He married secondly Catherine Greville, a daughter of Fulke Greville, 5th Baron Brooke, and Sarah (née Dashwood), on 12 March 1698 in St Clement Danes, Westminster. She also died young, on 7 February 1703.
Buckingham married, thirdly, Lady Catherine Darnley (1680 – 13 March 1743), an illegitimate daughter of King James II and Catherine Sedley, on 16 March 1705 in St Martin-in-the-Fields, Covent Garden, London. They had three sons of whom Edmund survived, and succeeded him as 2nd Duke of Buckingham (he died unmarried on 30 October 1735, when all his titles became extinct).
Around 1706, Buckingham sired an illegitimate son, Charles with Frances Stewart, and, then or afterwards, wife of The Hon. Oliver Lambart, younger son of Charles Lambart, 3rd Earl of Cavan. Upon the death of his half-brother Edmund, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, Charles inherited the family estates and was the first of the Sheffield baronets.
Notes
- Carlyle 1897, p. 13.
- Chisholm 1911, pp. 727–728.
- Chisholm 1911, p. 728.
- Carlyle 1897, pp. 14–15.
- Carlyle 1897, p. 15.
- She is called in Playfair's Baronetage (1811), "S, C, Stewart, afterwards Mrs. Lambert." Her forename, however, was presumably Frances (Cokayne 1906, p. 102).
- Cokayne 1906, p. 102.
References
- Cokayne, George Edward, ed. (1906), Complete Baronetage 1707–1800, vol. 5, Exeter: William Pollard and Co, p. 102
Attribution:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Carlyle, Edward Irving (1897), "Sheffield, John (1648–1721)", in Lee, Sidney (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 52, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 13–15
- 727–728 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp.
Further reading

- Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), 419–420 , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 4 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp.
- John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar and the Tragedy of Marcus Brutus, introduction by Michael Wilding, (Shakespeare Adaptations, second series) Cornmarket Press, London, 1970
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John Sheffield 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby 7 April 1648 24 February 1721 was an English poet and Tory politician of the late Stuart period who served as Lord Privy Seal and Lord President of the Council He was also known by his original title Lord Mulgrave His GraceThe Duke of Buckingham and NormanbyKG PCPortrait by Godfrey KnellerLord President of the CouncilIn office 13 June 1711 23 September 1714MonarchsAnne George IPreceded byThe Earl of RochesterSucceeded byThe Earl of NottinghamIn office 13 June 1711 17211st Duke of Buckingham and NormanbyPersonal detailsBorn8 September 1647Died24 February 1721 aged 73 NationalityEnglishParent s Edmund Sheffield 2nd Earl of Mulgrave Elizabeth CranfieldOccupationPoet politicianLifeJohn Sheffield was the only son of Edmund Sheffield 2nd Earl of Mulgrave and succeeded his father as 3rd Earl and 5th Baron Sheffield in 1658 At the age of eighteen he joined the fleet to serve in the Second Anglo Dutch War on the renewal of hostilities in 1672 he was present at the Battle of Sole Bay and in the next year received the command of a ship He was also made a colonel of infantry and served for some time under Turenne He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1674 In 1680 he was put in charge of an expedition sent to relieve the Garrison of the town of Tangier which was then under siege by Moulay Ismail ibn Sharif It was said that he was provided with a rotten ship in the hope that he would not return but the reason of this abortive plot if plot there was is not exactly ascertained At court he took the side of the Duke of York and helped to bring about the Duke of Monmouth s disgrace In 1682 he was dismissed from the court apparently for putting himself forward as a suitor for the Princess Anne who that year was aged 17 while Sheffield was 35 and himself not yet married but on the accession of King James II he received a seat in the Privy Council and was made Lord Chamberlain He later married Catherine the daughter of the king s mistress Catherine Sedley He supported James in his most unpopular measures and stayed with him in London during the time of his flight He also protected the Spanish ambassador from the dangerous anger of the mob He acquiesced however in the Glorious Revolution and in 1694 was made Marquess of Normanby In 1696 he refused in company with other Tory peers to sign an agreement to support William III as their rightful and lawful king against Jacobite attempts and was consequently dismissed from the privy council On the accession of Queen Anne of whom he was a personal favourite he was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire and in 1703 was created Duke of Buckingham and Normanby During the predominance of the Whigs between 1705 and 1710 Buckingham was deprived of his office as Lord Privy Seal but in 1710 he was made Lord Steward and in 1711 Lord President of the Council After Queen Anne s death he was not reappointed He died on 24 February 1721 at his house in St James s Park on the site of the present Buckingham Palace Buckingham was succeeded by his son Edmund 1716 1735 on whose death the titles became extinct Literary worksBuckingham was the author of An Account of the Revolution and some other essays and of numerous poems among them the Essay on Poetry and the Essay on Satire It is probable that the Essay on Satire which attacked many notable persons sauntering Charles amongst others was circulated in MS It was often attributed at the time to Dryden who accordingly suffered a thrashing at the hands of Lord Rochester s bravoes for the reflections it contained upon the earl Mulgrave was a patron of Dryden who may possibly have revised it but was certainly not responsible although it is commonly printed with his works Mulgrave adapted Shakespeare s Julius Caesar breaking it up into two plays Julius Caesar and Marcus Brutus He introduced choruses between the acts two of these being written by Alexander Pope and an incongruous love scene between Brutus and Portia He was a constant friend and patron of Pope who expressed a flattering opinion of his Essay on Poetry This although smoothly enough written deals chiefly with commonplaces In 1721 Edmund Curll published a pirated edition of his works and was brought before the bar of the House of Lords for breach of privilege accordingly An authorized edition under the superintendence of Pope appeared in 1723 but the authorities cut out the Account of the Revolution and The Feast of the Gods on account of their alleged Jacobite tendencies These were printed at the Hague in 1727 Pope disingenuously repudiated any knowledge of the contents Other editions reappeared in 1723 1726 1729 1740 and 1753 His Poems were included in Johnson s and other editions of the British poets FamilyOn 18 March 1685 in the chapel of Littlecote House Ramsbury Wiltshire Buckingham married as his first wife Ursula Stawell a daughter of George Stawell by his marriage to Ursula Austen She died on 13 August 1697 He married secondly Catherine Greville a daughter of Fulke Greville 5th Baron Brooke and Sarah nee Dashwood on 12 March 1698 in St Clement Danes Westminster She also died young on 7 February 1703 Buckingham married thirdly Lady Catherine Darnley 1680 13 March 1743 an illegitimate daughter of King James II and Catherine Sedley on 16 March 1705 in St Martin in the Fields Covent Garden London They had three sons of whom Edmund survived and succeeded him as 2nd Duke of Buckingham he died unmarried on 30 October 1735 when all his titles became extinct Around 1706 Buckingham sired an illegitimate son Charles with Frances Stewart and then or afterwards wife of The Hon Oliver Lambart younger son of Charles Lambart 3rd Earl of Cavan Upon the death of his half brother Edmund 2nd Duke of Buckingham Charles inherited the family estates and was the first of the Sheffield baronets NotesCarlyle 1897 p 13 Chisholm 1911 pp 727 728 Chisholm 1911 p 728 Carlyle 1897 pp 14 15 Carlyle 1897 p 15 She is called in Playfair s Baronetage 1811 S C Stewart afterwards Mrs Lambert Her forename however was presumably Frances Cokayne 1906 p 102 Cokayne 1906 p 102 ReferencesCokayne George Edward ed 1906 Complete Baronetage 1707 1800 vol 5 Exeter William Pollard and Co p 102 Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Carlyle Edward Irving 1897 Sheffield John 1648 1721 in Lee Sidney ed Dictionary of National Biography vol 52 London Smith Elder amp Co pp 13 15 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Buckingham and Normanby John Sheffield 1st Duke of Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 4 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 727 728Further readingWikiquote has quotations related to John Sheffield 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby Baynes T S ed 1878 John Sheffield Duke of Buckinghamshire Encyclopaedia Britannica vol 4 9th ed New York Charles Scribner s Sons pp 419 420 John Sheffield Duke of Buckingham The Tragedy of Julius Caesar and the Tragedy of Marcus Brutus introduction by Michael Wilding Shakespeare Adaptations second series Cornmarket Press London 1970 Political offices Preceded byThe Earl of Ailesbury Lord Chamberlain 1685 1689 Succeeded byThe Earl of Dorset Preceded byIn Commission Lord Privy Seal 1702 1705 Succeeded byThe Duke of Newcastle Preceded byThe Duke of Devonshire Lord Steward 1710 1711 Succeeded byThe Earl Poulett Preceded byThe Earl of Rochester Lord President of the Council 1711 1714 Succeeded byThe Earl of Nottingham Military offices Preceded by Colonel of The Holland Regiment 1673 1682 Succeeded byThe Earl of Chesterfield Preceded byThe Duke of Monmouth Governor of Kingston upon Hull 1679 1682 Succeeded byThe Earl of Plymouth Preceded byThe Earl of Chesterfield Colonel of The Holland Regiment 1684 1685 Succeeded by Honorary titles Preceded byThe Duke of Monmouth Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire 1679 1682 Succeeded byThe Duke of Somerset Preceded bySir John Hotham Bt Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of Yorkshire 1680 1682 Preceded byThe Duke of Somerset Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire 1687 1688 Succeeded byThe 2nd Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne Custos Rotulorum of the East Riding of Yorkshire 1687 1689 Succeeded byThe Marquess of Carmarthen VacantTitle last held byThe Earl of Mulgrave Vice Admiral of Yorkshire 1659 Vacant Vacant Vice Admiral of Yorkshire 1669 1692 Succeeded byThe Viscount of Irvine VacantTitle last held byThe Earl of Carlisle Vice Admiral of Durham 1687 1689 Succeeded byThe Viscount Lumley Vice Admiral of Northumberland 1687 1689 Preceded byThe Viscount of Irvine Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire 1702 1705 Succeeded byThe 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne Preceded byThe 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire 1711 1714 Succeeded byThe Earl of Holderness Preceded byThe Duke of Bedford Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex 1711 1714 Succeeded byThe Earl of Clare Custos Rotulorum of Middlesex 1711 1714 Peerage of England New creation Duke of Buckingham and Normanby 1703 1721 Succeeded byEdmund Sheffield Marquess of Normanby 1694 1721 Preceded byEdmund Sheffield Earl of Mulgrave 1658 1721