The Land Forces (French: Forces Terrestres), also called the Congolese Army, are the land warfare component and the largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC).
Congolese Army | |
---|---|
Forces Terrestres | |
Founded | 1961 |
Country | |
Branch | Army |
Role | Land warfare |
Size | 103,000 troops (2023) |
Headquarters | Kinshasa |
Colors | Blue |
Engagements |
|
Commanders | |
Chief of staff of the Land Forces | Gen. Christian Ndaywel |
The current Congolese army has its origins in the Force Publique that was active in the Belgian Congo, which was renamed the Congolese National Army (Armée nationale congolaise, ANC) when the country gained independence from Belgium in 1960. During the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko, it was renamed the Armed Forces of Zaire (Forces Armées Zaïroises, FAZ) in 1971 with the country's name change from Congo to Zaire. Under Mobutu's leadership the FAZ was used to put down various rebellions but was deliberately kept weak to prevent any possible coup, resulting in its collapse in the face of Laurent Kabila's AFDL rebel movement during the First Congo War (1996–1997). After Kabila's overthrow of Mobutu the former FAZ troops and various rebels that supported him were in no condition to fight the invasion by Rwandan-backed militant groups during the Second Congo War (1998–2003) and largely collapsed.
The peace agreement signed in 2002 initiated the process of uniting former rebel groups in a national army, the Forces du Terrestres of the FARDC, reorganizing them into multiple brigades. Although some progress has been made the army remains hampered by corruption as well as low and infrequent pay, which led to Land Forces troops committing numerous crimes against civilians. Since the end of the Second Congo War the army remains engaged with dozens of armed rebel groups throughout the country, most notably in the eastern province of North Kivu, near the border with Rwanda. There have also been multiple border clashes between Congolese troops and the Rwandan Army.
History
The land forces are made up of about 14 integrated brigades, of fighters from all the former warring factions which have gone through an brassage integration process (see next paragraph), and a not-publicly known number of non-integrated brigades which remain solely made up from single factions (the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD)'s Armee National Congolaise, the ex-government former Congolese Armed Forces (FAC), the ex-RCD KML, the ex-Movement for the Liberation of Congo, the armed groups of the Ituri conflict (the Mouvement des Révolutionnaires Congolais (MRC), Forces de Résistance Patriotique d'Ituri (FRPI) and the Front Nationaliste Intégrationniste (FNI)) and the Mai-Mai).
It appears that about the same time that Presidential Decree 03/042 of 18 December 2003 established the National Commission for Demobilisation and Reinsertion (CONADER), '..all ex-combatants were officially declared as FARDC soldiers and the then FARDC brigades [were to] rest deployed until the order to leave for brassage.
The reform plan adopted in 2005 envisaged the formation of eighteen integrated brigades through the brassage process as its first of three stages. The process consists firstly of regroupment, where fighters are disarmed. Then they are sent to orientation centres, run by CONADER, where fighters take the choice of either returning to civilian society or remaining in the armed forces. Combatants who choose demobilization receive an initial cash payment of US $110. Those who choose to stay within the FARDC are then transferred to one of six integration centres for a 45-day training course, which aims to build integrated formations out of factional fighters previously heavily divided along ethnic, political and regional lines. The centres are spread out around the country at Kitona, Kamina, Kisangani, Rumangabo and Nyaleke (within the Virunga National Park) in Nord-Kivu, and Luberizi (on the border with Burundi) in South Kivu. The process has suffered severe difficulties due to construction delays, administration errors, and the amount of travel former combatants have to do, as the three stages' centres are widely separated. Following the first 18 integrated brigades, the second goal is the formation of a ready reaction force of two to three brigades, and finally, by 2010 when MONUC is anticipated to have withdrawn, the creation of a Main Defence Force of three divisions.
In February 2008, the current reform plan was described as:
"The short term, 2008–2010, will see the setting in place of a Rapid Reaction Force; the medium term, 2008–2015, with a Covering Force; and finally the long term, 2015–2020, with a Principal Defence Force." He added that the reform plan rests on a programme of synergy based on the four pillars of dissuasion, production, reconstruction and excellence. "The Rapid Reaction Force is expected to focus on dissuasion, through a Rapid Reaction Force of 12 battalions, capable of aiding MONUC to secure the east of the country and to realise constitutional missions," Defence Minister Chikez Diemu said.

Amid the other difficulties in building new armed forces for the DRC, in early 2007 the integration and training process was distorted as the DRC government under Kabila attempted to use it to gain more control over the dissident general Laurent Nkunda. A hastily negotiated verbal agreement in Rwanda saw three government FAC brigades integrated with Nkunda's former ANC 81st and 83rd Brigades in what was called mixage. Mixage brought multiple factions into composite brigades, but without the 45-day retraining provided by brassage, and it seems that actually, the process was limited to exchanging battalions between the FAC and Nkunda brigades in North Kivu, without further integration. Due to Nkunda's troops having greater cohesion, Nkunda effectively gained control of all five brigades - not what the DRC central government had been hoping! However, after Nkunda used the mixage brigades to fight the FDLR, strains arose between the FARDC and Nkunda-loyalist troops within the brigades and they fell apart in the last days of August 2007. The International Crisis Group says that 'by 30 August [2007] Nkunda's troops had left the mixed brigades and controlled a large part of the Masisi and Rutshuru territories' (of North Kivu).
Both formally integrated brigades and the non-integrated units continue to conduct arbitrary arrests, rapes, robbery, and other crimes and these human rights violations are "regularly" committed by both officers and members of the rank and file. Members of the Army also often strike deals to gain access to resources with the militias they are meant to be fighting.
The various brigades and other formations and units number at least 100,000 troops. The status of these brigades has been described as "pretty chaotic." A 2007 disarmament and repatriation study said "army units that have not yet gone through the process of brassage are usually much smaller than what they ought to be. Some non-integrated brigades have only 500 men (and are thus nothing more than a small battalion) whereas some battalions may not even have the size of a normal company (over 100 men)."
In 2015, three hundred FARDC special forces troops were deployed in northern Katanga to prevent inter-ethnic violence between Mbuti and Bantu locals.

Organization
Original structure
See also U.S. State Department, 07KINSHASA452 Congolese Military Proposes Redeployment, Renaming Of Integrated Brigades, 19 April 2007. Like the Force Publique in the Congo Free State, FARDC brigades have been deploying to their areas of operation with their families in tow. 2nd Commando Battalion of the Belgian Paracommando Brigade trained one of the first integrated brigades from January to June 2004. As of 13 September 2006, the Government had established 13 out of the 18 integrated brigades it had planned to create before the elections. (S/2006/759, 21 September 2006, 12) A fourteenth brigade was created by March 2007. (S/2007/156, 20 March 2007, 7)
- 1st Brigade (integrated), Belgium began training this brigade in Kisangani on 9 February 2004, graduated June 2004. Human rights reports in April and August 2007 place the Brigade in the Mahagi territory, Ituri area, Orientale Province. At Bavi, 30 km south of Bunia, between August and November 2006 forty civilians were slaughtered and buried in three different graves by soldiers of the 1st integrated Brigade.
- 2nd Brigade (integrated), trained by Angola at Kitona. ordered to move to North Kivu from Kinshasa, February 2006. (06KINSHASA178, 2 February 2006) Butembo, North Kivu, 28 July 2007 See also U.S. State Department, 06KINSHASA629 North Kivu: Struggling to Survive in Rutshuru Territory, 20 April 2006.
- 3rd Brigade (integrated), trained by Belgium and South Africa at Kamina. Graduated 1 June 2005. (05KINSHASA950, 10 June 2005) In the Bukavu area, late March 2007 (now 101st Brigade)
- 4th Brigade (integrated), training process finished [Monday] c.23 August 2005, then under the command of Colonel Willy Bonané RCD-G), a Tutsi officer close to Governor Eugene Serufuli, and was dispatched to Ituri. (ICG Africa Report 108, 27 April 2006, p. 16, and IRIN, Former militiamen now form army's 4th Brigade, 23 August 2005) Cholera broke out amongst the brigade, Aug-Sept 2005. Elements reported at Lopa, Ituri area, 24–25 July 2007
- 5th Brigade (integrated), deployed to North Kivu in August–September 2005. See ICG Africa Report 108, 27 April 2006, p. 16. "In January [2006], tensions escalated after human rights abuses were committed by soldiers of the FARDC 5th integrated brigade against Kinyarwanda speakers in Rutshuru territory. Insurgents belonging to the Laurent Nkunda militia, with elements of the 83rd brigade, attacked the FARDC 5th integrated brigade. They subsequently took over Rwindi and Kibrizi, prompting the withdrawal of FARDC from Rutshuru to Kanyabayonga. On 21 January, MONUC launched operations and successfully cleared Rwindi and Kibrizi of rebel elements." Brigade now at Kananga, Kasai-Occidental. See also U.S. State Department, 06KINSHASA481, 23 March 2006.
- 6th Brigade (integrated), said that 'the sixth and last brigade from the first phase of army integration is expected to be ready for deployment in late September' [2005]. Located Jiba, Ituri area, Orientale Province, May 2007 Ordered to leave Ituri for North Kivu for offensive against Laurent Nkunda, June 2007.
- 7th Brigade (integrated), finished forming Kitona March 2006. On 3 May 2006, it was reported that 'elements such as the 7th Integrated Brigade are still taking up space at the Rumangabu brassage center (North Kivu), for instance, and because they have not been fully deployed to Luberu (North Kivu), it isn't possible for the next group of soldiers to arrive at Rumangabu for integration.' (State Department,06KINSHASA711, SSR: Blockages Remain, 8 May 2006) Stationed in Maluku, Kinshasa August 2006 Elements of this brigade at Bolobo, Bandundu province, May 2007.
- 8th Brigade (integrated), Elements at Luberizi & Luvungi, in South Kivu, May 2007.
- 9th Brigade (integrated), North Kivu. Involved in a 5 August 2006, firefight between the 94th Battalion (of the 9th Integrated Brigade) against the 834th Battalion (of the non-integrated 83rd Brigade), at Sake, North Kivu.
- 10th Brigade (integrated), headquartered at Gemena, Equateur, 31 August 2007. (07KINSHASA1033, 31 August 2007) Deployed to the Dongo crisis in October 2009, suffering two defeats at the hands of 's forces. (Congo Siasa)
- 12th Brigade (integrated), HQ at Baraka, South Kivu
- 13th Brigade (integrated), , North Kivu, mid June 2007. Second battalion of this brigade in process of formation near Bunia mid August 2007.
- 14th Brigade (integrated), Kalima, South Kivu, May 2007, now numbered 105th Brigade. Africa Confidential reported in January 2008 that the brigade was a part of a 25,000 strong government attack on 4,000 of Laurent Nkunda's soldiers in December 2007, but was beaten back, with the loss of its 'entire arms and equipment.' Human Rights Watch's 'Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo,' July 2009, is a detailed study of this brigade's history and crimes.
- 15th Brigade (integrated) (waiting for deployment as of 30 May 2007, with 2,837 men assigned. Ordered to leave Kisangani for North Kivu for offensive against Laurent Nkunda, June, and then routed by Nkunda troops in the Sake area, early September 2007.
- 16th and 17th Brigades (integrated)(beginning 'brassage' integration process as of 30 May 2007, both over 4,000 strong at the beginning of the process) 17th Bde was later referred to in the Oxfam report 'Waking the Devil,' as well as later being in the Luhago/Kabona localities of Kabare territoire.
- 18th Brigade
- 103rd Brigade (integrated)—previously designated 11th Brigade. Elements reported at Walungu, 110 km SW of Bukavu, South Kivu in the course of rape allegation 27 March 2007.
- 31st Rapid Response Unit Brigade — Formed between 2008 and 2017 with Belgian assistance, the brigade was described in 2020 as the best in the FARDC and has carried out successful operations. It is headquartered in Kindu, Maniema. In April 2024, a group of 3,000 soldiers from the brigade completed a year-long training program under Belgian instruction at the Camp Lwama Commando Training Center near Kindu.
Updates in 2014
In September 2014, President Kabila reshuffled the command structure and in addition to military regions created three new 'defense zones' which would be subordinated directly to the general staff. The defense zones essentially created a new layer between the general staff and the provincial commanders. The military regions themselves were reorganized and do not correspond with the ones that existed prior to the reshuffle. A Congolese military analyst based in Brussels, Jean-Jacques Wondo, provided an outline of the updated command structure of the FARDC following the shake up of the high command:
- 1st Defense Zone (Bas Congo, Bandundu, Équateur, and Kinshasa): Brig. Gen. Gabriel Amisi Kumba
- 11th Military Region (Bandundu Province): Gen. Dieudonné Kiamata Mutupeke
- 12th Military Region (Bas-Congo Province): Gen. Jonas Padiri Muhizi
- 13th Military Region (Équateur Province): Gen. Luboya Kashama Djuni
- 14th Military Region (Kinshasa): Brig. Gen. Camille Bombele Luwala
- 2nd Defense Zone (Kasai and Katanga): Maj. Gen. Jean Claude Kifwa
- 21st Military Region (Kasai-Oriental and Kasai Occidental Provinces): Gen. Fall Jikabwe
- 22nd Military Region (Katanga Province): Philemon Yav
- 3rd Defense Zone (Kivu, Maneima, and Katanga): Maj. Gen.
- 31st Military Region (Bas-Uele and Tshopo Districts): Gen. Bertin Baseka Kamangala
- 32nd Military Region (Haut-Uele and Ituri Districts): Gen. Jean-Pierre Bunguabele
- 33rd Military Region (Maneima and South Kivu Provinces): Gen. Gaetan Kakudji Bobo
- 34th Military Region (North Kivu Province): Maj. Gen. Emmanuel Lombe
Chiefs of staff
Several known officers held the post of chief of land forces staff.
- (2003—2006)
- Gabriel Amisi Kumba (2006—2012)
- François Olenga (2012—2014)
- Dieudonné Banze (2014—??)
- (??–2020)
- (2020–??)
- (2024–present)
Foreign assistance
A number of outside donor countries are also carrying out separate training programmes for various parts of the Forces du Terrestres (Land Forces). The People's Republic of China has trained Congolese troops at Kamina in Katanga from at least 2004 to 2009, and the Belgian government is training at least one 'rapid reaction' battalion. Between 2008 and 2017, the formation of the 31st Rapid Reaction Brigade was completed with Belgian assistance. Belgium's Chief of Defense, Michel Hofman, announced in 2022 that Belgium will continue assisting the unit. It received training from the Belgian Special Operations Regiment in 2022, and the European Union has provided it with €20 million of equipment in 2023. The EU announced in 2024 that it will spend €29.5 million on the brigade between 2023 and 2027.
When Kabila visited U.S. President George W. Bush in Washington D.C., he also asked the U.S. Government to train a battalion, and as a result, a private contractor, Protection Strategies Incorporated, started training a FARDC light infantry battalion at Camp Base, Kisangani, in February 2010. The unit of 750 Congolese soldiers would become known as the 391st Commando Battalion. The company was supervised by U.S. Special Operations Command Africa. The battalion was trained in small unit tactics, communications, medical care, and food production to sustain itself.
However, in 2013, during the M23 rebel advance in eastern Congo, several members of the 391st Commando Battalion were found to have committed mass rape against civilian women fleeing from the warzone, and other atrocities.
Republican Guard
In addition to the other land forces, there is a Republican Guard presidential force, formerly known as the Special Presidential Security Group (GSSP). FARDC military officials state that the Garde Républicaine is not the responsibility of FARDC, but the Head of State. Apart from Article 140 of the Law on the Army and Defence, no legal stipulation on the DRC's Armed Forces makes provision for the GR as a distinct unit within the national army. In February 2005, President Joseph Kabila passed a decree which appointed the GR's commanding officer and 'repealed any previous provisions contrary' to that decree. The GR is more than 10,000 strong (the ICG said 10,000–15,000 in January 2007), and has better working conditions and is paid regularly, but still commits rapes and robberies nearby their bases.
In an effort to extend his personal control across the country, then President Joseph Kabila deployed the GR at key airports, ostensibly in preparation for an impending presidential visit. At the end of 2005, there were Guards deployed in Mbandaka, Kindu, Lubumbashi, Bukavu, Kolwezi, staying many months after the President had left. They are still deployed at Kisangani's Bangoka airport, where they appear to answer to no local commander and have caused trouble with MONUC troops there.
The GR is also supposed to undergo the integration process, but as of January 2007, only one battalion had been announced as being integrated. Formed at a brassage centre in the Kinshasa suburb of Kibomango, the battalion included 800 men, half from the former GSSP and half from the MLC and RCD Goma.
Equipment
Attempting to list the equipment available to the DRC's land forces is difficult; most figures are unreliable estimates based on known items delivered in the past. The IISS's Military Balance 2007 and Orbat.com's Concise World Armies 2005 give only slightly differing figures however (the figures below are from the IISS Military Balance 2007). Much of the Army's equipment is non-operational due to insufficient maintenance—in 2002 only 20 percent of the Army's armoured vehicles were estimated as being serviceable.
- Main Battle Tanks: 30 x Type 59, 20 x T-55, some T-72
- Reconnaissance vehicles: 40+ Type 62 light tanks, 40+ Panhard AML armoured cars, some EE-9 Cascavel
- Infantry Fighting Vehicles: 20 BMP-1
- Armoured Personnel Carriers: IISS reports M-113, Type 63, and wheeled vehicles including Casspir, Panhard M3, TH 390 Fahd, Wolf Turbo 2
- Artillery: 100 field guns, ranging from M116 howitzer 75 mm to Type 59 130 mm, and 30 Type 81 MRL
In addition to these 2007 figures, In March 2010, it was reported that the DRC's land forces had ordered US$80 million worth of military equipment from Ukraine which included 20 T-72 main battle tanks, 100 trucks and various small arms. 20 x T-72 have been reported by World Defence Almanac. Tanks have been used in the Kivus in the 2005-9 period.
In February 2014, Ukraine revealed that it had achieved the first export order for the T-64 tank to the DRC Land Forces for 50 T-64BV-1s.
Rank insignia
Rank group | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ![]() | ||||||||||||||
Général d'armée | Lieutenant-général | Général-major | Général de brigade | Colonel | Lieutenant-colonel | Major | Capitaine | Lieutenant | Sous-lieutenant |
Other forces active in the country
United Nations

There are currently large numbers of United Nations troops stationed in the DRC. The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) As of 31 August 2011[update] had a strength of over 19,000 peacekeepers (including 16,998 military personnel) and has a mission of assisting Congolese authorities maintain security. The UN and foreign military aid missions, the most prominent being EUSEC RD Congo, are attempting to assist the Congolese in rebuilding the armed forces, with major efforts being made in trying to assure regular payment of salaries to armed forces personnel and also in military justice. Retired Canadian Lieutenant General Marc Caron also served for a time as Security Sector Reform advisor to the head of MONUC.
Non- and anti-government forces
Groups of anti-Rwandan government rebels like the FDLR, and other foreign fighters remain inside the DRC. The FDLR which is the greatest concern, was some 6,000 strong, as of July 2007. By late 2010 the FDLR's strength however was estimated at 2,500.
The other groups are smaller: the Ugandan Lord's Resistance Army, the Ugandan rebel group the Allied Democratic Forces in the remote area of Mt Rwenzori, and the Burundian Parti pour la Libération du Peuple Hutu—Forces Nationales de Liberation (PALIPEHUTU-FNL).
Government paramilitaries
Finally there is a government paramilitary force, created in 1997 under President Laurent Kabila. The National Service is tasked with providing the army with food and with training the youth in a range of reconstruction and developmental activities. There is not much further information available, and no internet-accessible source details the relationship of the National Service to other armed forces bodies; it is not listed in the constitution. President Kabila, in one of the few comments available, says National Service will provide a gainful activity for street children. Obligatory civil service administered through the armed forces was also proposed under the Mobutu regime during the 'radicalisation' programme of December 1974-January 1975; the FAZ was opposed to the measure and the plan 'took several months to die.'
References
- IISS (2023). The Military Balance 2023. International Institute for Strategic Studies. p. 446.
- Ilunga, Patrick (20 December 2024). "DR Congo's Tshisekedi removes army chief in major shake-up". The EastAfrican. Retrieved 27 January 2025.
- Garrett, Nicholas; Sergiou, Sylvia; Koen Vlassenroot (2008). "Negotiated peace for extortion: the case of Walikale territory in eastern DR Congo". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 3 (1). Taylor and Francis: 9. doi:10.1080/17531050802682671. ISSN 1753-1063. S2CID 154957722.
- International Crisis Group, Security Sector Reform in the Congo, Africa Report No. 104, 13 February 2006, 17–18
- Retrieved 1 November 2008
- Henri Boshoff, The DDR Process in the DRC: a never-ending story, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, 2 July 2007
- International Crisis Group, Bringing Peace to North Kivu, Africa Report No.133, 31 October 2007, p.13
- Amnesty International, "Democratic Republic of Congo: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and Reform of the Army - Amnesty International". Archived from the original on 2007-08-21. Retrieved 2007-07-13. Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and the Reform of the Army], 25 January 2007, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007
- Autesserre, Séverine (2008). "The Trouble With Congo". Foreign Affairs. 87 (3). New York: Council on Foreign Relations: 104–105.
- "monuc.org: FARDC troops estimated at 100,000, says EUSEC ::: 20/03/2006". Monuc.org. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- "Only just staying in one piece". The Economist. 28 July 2007. p. 42. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
- Hans Romkena De Vennhoop Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the DRC Archived 2009-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Multi Country Demobilization and Recovery Program, April 2007, p.32
- Special Forces of the Congo (FARDC) Deployed in Northern Katanga Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Virungamountains.blogspot.com. Published 25 May 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- 12_fr.htm Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine. Cdomuseum.be. Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
- Clement, SSR in the DRC, SSR in Challenging Environments, DCAF, 2009, 92.
- MONUC Human Rights report Archived 2007-12-17 at the Wayback Machine April 2007, paragraph 31 and MONUC via Le Potential Violation des droits de l’homme en RDC: état des lieux de la Monuc Archived 2015-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, 10 August 2007
- MONUC via Reliefweb, RD Congo : Rapport mensuel des droits de l'homme - juillet 2007, paragraph 14
- MONUC Human Rights Report via Le Potentiel Archived 2015-06-10 at the Wayback Machine Le Potentiel, 18 April 2007
- MONUC's Nineteenth Report (S/2005/603) dated 26 September 2005, 7
- MONUC Human Rights Report July 2007 (French), paragraph 11
- Quoted from MONUC 21st Report, S/2006/390, 13 June 2006, 9. See also U.S. State Department, 06KINSHASA178, FARDC Second Brigade To Move To North Kivu Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine 2 February 2006
- 'Au cours du mois d'avril 2007, des soldats FARDC de la 6ème Brigade Intégrée basée à Jiba -60 km au Nord-Est de Bunia, Ituri-, ont été responsables de 14 cas de viol et de plusieurs cas de mauvais traitements à l'égard de la population locale.' MONUC via Le Potentiel (Kinshasa), Congo-Kinshasa: Violation des droits de l'homme en RDC Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine, 22 June 2007
- International Crisis Group, Congo:Bringing Peace to North Kivu, 31 October 2007, p.12
- "(French). Retrieved July 2009". Archived from the original on 2015-06-11. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
- "Les Dépęches". Lepotentiel.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- MONUC, Droits de l'Homme: Rapport Mensuel - Mai 2007 Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, paragraph 22
- Societecivile.cd, Imminence d'une mutinerie à Luberizi, à l'Est de la RD Congo, dans la Province du Sud Kivu Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, 23 May 2007
- 06KINSHASA1260, 10 August 2006, and Turner, 2007, 139.
- Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Situation humanitaire en RDC (Sud Kivu) - Rapport hebdomadaire du 30 juin au 06 juillet 2007, 6 July 2007
- MONUC via Congo Tribune, "Violation des droits de l'homme en RDC : état des lieux de la Monuc". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-31.
- MONUC, http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=15189 Archived 2007-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
- MONUC, http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=14799 Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, paragraph 25
- 'Central Africa: A slow road to travel,' Africa Confidential, 11 January 2008, Vol. 49, No.1, p.9
- Human Rights Watch (2009). Soldiers Who Rape, Commanders Who Condone: Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo (PDF). New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-510-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-23. Retrieved 2016-12-04.. See also U.S. State Department, 08KINSHASA441 : The FARDC 14th Brigade: A Burden to Kabare Residents Archived 2012-03-18 at the Wayback Machine, 19 May 2008
- MONUC via allafrica.com at Congo-Kinshasa: La Monuc a rendu hommages aux 85 soldats de la paix décédés en RDC depuis le début de sa mission Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
- See also on 12th and 13th Battalions of 17th Brigade - Congo-Kinshasa: Second Monuc Training Session of FARDC Integrated Brigades Ends(06:Feb'08) Archived 2011-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- Radio Okapi May 2009, "Nindja : attaques des FDLR, 2 officiers FARDC tués et un disparu"
- Reliefweb and MONUC Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine
- Le Potential, Congo-Kinshasa: Rapport de la Monuc pour avril 2007, graves violations des droits de l'homme en RDC Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine via Allafrica.com, 21 May 2007. There is an ambiguous reference to the 'eleventh and twelfth brigades' in the ICG's 31 October 2007 report, 'Bringing Peace to North Kivu, Appendix C, page 25, indicating that these two formations may have been principally raised from the all-Hutu Local Defence Force in North Kivu, revived by Governor Eugene Serufuli, probably during the 2000–2002 period.
- "RDC: la mission de formation des militaires se poursuivra en 2023, selon l'amiral Hofman" [DRC: Military training mission to continue in 2023, says Admiral Hofman]. RTBF (in French). 13 December 2022.
- Wondo, Jean-Jacques (August 7, 2020). "Army command reshuffle by Félix Tshisekedi: expectations and disillusions – JJ Wondo". Afridesk. Retrieved January 27, 2025.
- "RDC: fin de formation de 3.000 nouveaux commandos, sous supervision belge" [DRC: end of training of 3,000 new commandos under Belgian supervision]. La Libre Belgique (in French). 24 April 2024.
- "Maniema: clôture de 12 mois de formation de 3000 militaires de la 31e brigade d'intervention rapide" [Maniema: completion of 12 months of training of 3,000 military personnel of the 31st Rapid Intervention Brigade]. Radio Okapi (in French). 23 April 2024.
- Reshuffle in the Congolese army – cui bono? Archived 2018-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Suluhu.org. Published 28 September 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2018.
- Commanders of defense zones and military zones as of September 2014 Archived 2015-01-10 at the Wayback Machine.
- "List of general officers appointed to the heads of military units" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-01-10. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
- Rogue army for a failed state Archived 2015-03-19 at the Wayback Machine Good Governance Africa. Published February 1, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2015.
- Joseph Kabila meets with security council Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Digital Congo. Published 5 November 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- See Africa Confidential, 'A multinational road to army reform,' 24 July 2009, p.9, and Reuters, 'Factbox: International efforts at military reform in Congo,' 23 December 2009.
- Fiorenza, Nicholas (17 February 2022). "Belgium to provide training support to DRC". Jane's Information Services. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
- "European Peace Facility: Council adopts an assistance measure in support of the 31st Rapid Reaction Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo". European Council. 20 July 2023.
- "Début de la deuxième phase de la mission au Congo" [Start of the second phase of the mission in Congo] (in French). Belgian Ministry of Defense. 6 September 2022.
- "Facilité européenne pour la paix : lancement du soutien à la 31ème Brigade de réaction rapide des Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC)" [European Peace Facility: launch of support for the 31st Rapid Reaction Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC)]. EU Delegation to the DRC. 3 December 2024.
- "U.S. Africa Command Home". Archived from the original on 2011-02-26. Retrieved 2010-08-03. and Protection Strategies Incorporated What's New Archived 2010-07-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 3 August 2010. For Kabila request to Bush, see "Cable Viewer". Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 2011-09-03..
- Holland, James (25 January 2017). 750 Congolese Soldiers Graduate from U.S.-led Military Training, Form Light Infantry Battalion Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. US Army Africa website. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- Orth, Rick (23 May 2013). Stars and Stripes Op-ed: More U.S. can do to reform Congolese military Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Enough Project. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- Whitlock, Craig (23 May 2013). U.S.-trained Congolese troops committed rapes and other atrocities, U.N. says Archived 2017-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. Washington Post. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- Amnesty International, Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and the Reform of the Army Archived 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, Section VII A, 25 January 2007, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007
- ICG February 2006 SSR report
- 'Sortie officielle du premier bataillon integre de la Garde Republicaine des FARDC', Xinhua News Agency, 15 September 2006, cited in Amnesty International DRC Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) and the Reform of the Army Archived 2007-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, Section VII A, 25 January 2007, AI Index: AFR 62/001/2007
- Jane's Sentinel Security Assessment—Central Africa. Issue 11—2002. Page 291.
- AFP: Ukraine to supply tanks, other weapons to DR.Congo Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Google.com (2010-03-16). Retrieved on 2013-09-04.
- KUNB: Ukraine To Supply Tanks, Other Weapons To DR Congo Archived 2018-01-24 at the Wayback Machine. news.kievukraine.info (2010-03-16).
- Ukraine to supply a total of 50 T-64BV1 main battle tanks to Democratic Republic of Congo Archived 2014-03-03 at the Wayback Machine - Armyrecognition.com, 13 February 2014
- "MONUSCO Facts and Figures - United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". un.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-15. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- "EU security sector reform mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo". The Council of the European Union. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
- Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, website
- International Crisis Group, Congo: Consolidating the Peace, Africa Report No.128, 5 July 2007
- MONUSCO, Over 1800 FDLR armed rebels surrender to MONUSCO in 2010 Archived 2011-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, 3 February 2011
- Jacques Ebenga & Thierry N'Landu The Congolese National Army: In search of an identity Archived 2007-07-24 at the Wayback Machine, Evolutions and Revolutions, Institute for Security Studies, Pretoria, 2005
- Crawford and Young, The Rise and Decline of the Zairiean State, 1985, p.359-360
Author: www.NiNa.Az
Publication date:
wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library, article, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games, mobile, phone, android, ios, apple, mobile phone, samsung, iphone, xiomi, xiaomi, redmi, honor, oppo, nokia, sonya, mi, pc, web, computer
The Land Forces French Forces Terrestres also called the Congolese Army are the land warfare component and the largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo FARDC Congolese ArmyForces TerrestresFounded1961Country Democratic Republic of the CongoBranchArmyRoleLand warfareSize103 000 troops 2023 HeadquartersKinshasaColorsBlueEngagementsFirst Congo War Second Congo War Katanga insurgency Ituri conflict Dongo conflict Kivu conflict M23 rebellion Kamwina Nsapu rebellion M23 offensiveCommandersChief of staff of the Land ForcesGen Christian Ndaywel The current Congolese army has its origins in the Force Publique that was active in the Belgian Congo which was renamed the Congolese National Army Armee nationale congolaise ANC when the country gained independence from Belgium in 1960 During the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko it was renamed the Armed Forces of Zaire Forces Armees Zairoises FAZ in 1971 with the country s name change from Congo to Zaire Under Mobutu s leadership the FAZ was used to put down various rebellions but was deliberately kept weak to prevent any possible coup resulting in its collapse in the face of Laurent Kabila s AFDL rebel movement during the First Congo War 1996 1997 After Kabila s overthrow of Mobutu the former FAZ troops and various rebels that supported him were in no condition to fight the invasion by Rwandan backed militant groups during the Second Congo War 1998 2003 and largely collapsed The peace agreement signed in 2002 initiated the process of uniting former rebel groups in a national army the Forces du Terrestres of the FARDC reorganizing them into multiple brigades Although some progress has been made the army remains hampered by corruption as well as low and infrequent pay which led to Land Forces troops committing numerous crimes against civilians Since the end of the Second Congo War the army remains engaged with dozens of armed rebel groups throughout the country most notably in the eastern province of North Kivu near the border with Rwanda There have also been multiple border clashes between Congolese troops and the Rwandan Army HistoryThe land forces are made up of about 14 integrated brigades of fighters from all the former warring factions which have gone through an brassage integration process see next paragraph and a not publicly known number of non integrated brigades which remain solely made up from single factions the Congolese Rally for Democracy RCD s Armee National Congolaise the ex government former Congolese Armed Forces FAC the ex RCD KML the ex Movement for the Liberation of Congo the armed groups of the Ituri conflict the Mouvement des Revolutionnaires Congolais MRC Forces de Resistance Patriotique d Ituri FRPI and the Front Nationaliste Integrationniste FNI and the Mai Mai It appears that about the same time that Presidential Decree 03 042 of 18 December 2003 established the National Commission for Demobilisation and Reinsertion CONADER all ex combatants were officially declared as FARDC soldiers and the then FARDC brigades were to rest deployed until the order to leave for brassage The reform plan adopted in 2005 envisaged the formation of eighteen integrated brigades through the brassage process as its first of three stages The process consists firstly of regroupment where fighters are disarmed Then they are sent to orientation centres run by CONADER where fighters take the choice of either returning to civilian society or remaining in the armed forces Combatants who choose demobilization receive an initial cash payment of US 110 Those who choose to stay within the FARDC are then transferred to one of six integration centres for a 45 day training course which aims to build integrated formations out of factional fighters previously heavily divided along ethnic political and regional lines The centres are spread out around the country at Kitona Kamina Kisangani Rumangabo and Nyaleke within the Virunga National Park in Nord Kivu and Luberizi on the border with Burundi in South Kivu The process has suffered severe difficulties due to construction delays administration errors and the amount of travel former combatants have to do as the three stages centres are widely separated Following the first 18 integrated brigades the second goal is the formation of a ready reaction force of two to three brigades and finally by 2010 when MONUC is anticipated to have withdrawn the creation of a Main Defence Force of three divisions In February 2008 the current reform plan was described as The short term 2008 2010 will see the setting in place of a Rapid Reaction Force the medium term 2008 2015 with a Covering Force and finally the long term 2015 2020 with a Principal Defence Force He added that the reform plan rests on a programme of synergy based on the four pillars of dissuasion production reconstruction and excellence The Rapid Reaction Force is expected to focus on dissuasion through a Rapid Reaction Force of 12 battalions capable of aiding MONUC to secure the east of the country and to realise constitutional missions Defence Minister Chikez Diemu said Congolese troops in Ural 4320 trucks at the Kwanza 2010 exercises in Angola Amid the other difficulties in building new armed forces for the DRC in early 2007 the integration and training process was distorted as the DRC government under Kabila attempted to use it to gain more control over the dissident general Laurent Nkunda A hastily negotiated verbal agreement in Rwanda saw three government FAC brigades integrated with Nkunda s former ANC 81st and 83rd Brigades in what was called mixage Mixage brought multiple factions into composite brigades but without the 45 day retraining provided by brassage and it seems that actually the process was limited to exchanging battalions between the FAC and Nkunda brigades in North Kivu without further integration Due to Nkunda s troops having greater cohesion Nkunda effectively gained control of all five brigades not what the DRC central government had been hoping However after Nkunda used the mixage brigades to fight the FDLR strains arose between the FARDC and Nkunda loyalist troops within the brigades and they fell apart in the last days of August 2007 The International Crisis Group says that by 30 August 2007 Nkunda s troops had left the mixed brigades and controlled a large part of the Masisi and Rutshuru territories of North Kivu Both formally integrated brigades and the non integrated units continue to conduct arbitrary arrests rapes robbery and other crimes and these human rights violations are regularly committed by both officers and members of the rank and file Members of the Army also often strike deals to gain access to resources with the militias they are meant to be fighting The various brigades and other formations and units number at least 100 000 troops The status of these brigades has been described as pretty chaotic A 2007 disarmament and repatriation study said army units that have not yet gone through the process of brassage are usually much smaller than what they ought to be Some non integrated brigades have only 500 men and are thus nothing more than a small battalion whereas some battalions may not even have the size of a normal company over 100 men In 2015 three hundred FARDC special forces troops were deployed in northern Katanga to prevent inter ethnic violence between Mbuti and Bantu locals FARDC soldiers near Goma during the M23 rebellion OrganizationOriginal structure See also U S State Department 07KINSHASA452 Congolese Military Proposes Redeployment Renaming Of Integrated Brigades 19 April 2007 Like the Force Publique in the Congo Free State FARDC brigades have been deploying to their areas of operation with their families in tow 2nd Commando Battalion of the Belgian Paracommando Brigade trained one of the first integrated brigades from January to June 2004 As of 13 September 2006 the Government had established 13 out of the 18 integrated brigades it had planned to create before the elections S 2006 759 21 September 2006 12 A fourteenth brigade was created by March 2007 S 2007 156 20 March 2007 7 1st Brigade integrated Belgium began training this brigade in Kisangani on 9 February 2004 graduated June 2004 Human rights reports in April and August 2007 place the Brigade in the Mahagi territory Ituri area Orientale Province At Bavi 30 km south of Bunia between August and November 2006 forty civilians were slaughtered and buried in three different graves by soldiers of the 1st integrated Brigade 2nd Brigade integrated trained by Angola at Kitona ordered to move to North Kivu from Kinshasa February 2006 06KINSHASA178 2 February 2006 Butembo North Kivu 28 July 2007 See also U S State Department 06KINSHASA629 North Kivu Struggling to Survive in Rutshuru Territory 20 April 2006 3rd Brigade integrated trained by Belgium and South Africa at Kamina Graduated 1 June 2005 05KINSHASA950 10 June 2005 In the Bukavu area late March 2007 now 101st Brigade 4th Brigade integrated training process finished Monday c 23 August 2005 then under the command of Colonel Willy Bonane RCD G a Tutsi officer close to Governor Eugene Serufuli and was dispatched to Ituri ICG Africa Report 108 27 April 2006 p 16 and IRIN Former militiamen now form army s 4th Brigade 23 August 2005 Cholera broke out amongst the brigade Aug Sept 2005 Elements reported at Lopa Ituri area 24 25 July 2007 5th Brigade integrated deployed to North Kivu in August September 2005 See ICG Africa Report 108 27 April 2006 p 16 In January 2006 tensions escalated after human rights abuses were committed by soldiers of the FARDC 5th integrated brigade against Kinyarwanda speakers in Rutshuru territory Insurgents belonging to the Laurent Nkunda militia with elements of the 83rd brigade attacked the FARDC 5th integrated brigade They subsequently took over Rwindi and Kibrizi prompting the withdrawal of FARDC from Rutshuru to Kanyabayonga On 21 January MONUC launched operations and successfully cleared Rwindi and Kibrizi of rebel elements Brigade now at Kananga Kasai Occidental See also U S State Department 06KINSHASA481 23 March 2006 6th Brigade integrated said that the sixth and last brigade from the first phase of army integration is expected to be ready for deployment in late September 2005 Located Jiba Ituri area Orientale Province May 2007 Ordered to leave Ituri for North Kivu for offensive against Laurent Nkunda June 2007 7th Brigade integrated finished forming Kitona March 2006 On 3 May 2006 it was reported that elements such as the 7th Integrated Brigade are still taking up space at the Rumangabu brassage center North Kivu for instance and because they have not been fully deployed to Luberu North Kivu it isn t possible for the next group of soldiers to arrive at Rumangabu for integration State Department 06KINSHASA711 SSR Blockages Remain 8 May 2006 Stationed in Maluku Kinshasa August 2006 Elements of this brigade at Bolobo Bandundu province May 2007 8th Brigade integrated Elements at Luberizi amp Luvungi in South Kivu May 2007 9th Brigade integrated North Kivu Involved in a 5 August 2006 firefight between the 94th Battalion of the 9th Integrated Brigade against the 834th Battalion of the non integrated 83rd Brigade at Sake North Kivu 10th Brigade integrated headquartered at Gemena Equateur 31 August 2007 07KINSHASA1033 31 August 2007 Deployed to the Dongo crisis in October 2009 suffering two defeats at the hands of s forces Congo Siasa 12th Brigade integrated HQ at Baraka South Kivu 13th Brigade integrated North Kivu mid June 2007 Second battalion of this brigade in process of formation near Bunia mid August 2007 14th Brigade integrated Kalima South Kivu May 2007 now numbered 105th Brigade Africa Confidential reported in January 2008 that the brigade was a part of a 25 000 strong government attack on 4 000 of Laurent Nkunda s soldiers in December 2007 but was beaten back with the loss of its entire arms and equipment Human Rights Watch s Soldiers Who Rape Commanders Who Condone Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo July 2009 is a detailed study of this brigade s history and crimes 15th Brigade integrated waiting for deployment as of 30 May 2007 with 2 837 men assigned Ordered to leave Kisangani for North Kivu for offensive against Laurent Nkunda June and then routed by Nkunda troops in the Sake area early September 2007 16th and 17th Brigades integrated beginning brassage integration process as of 30 May 2007 both over 4 000 strong at the beginning of the process 17th Bde was later referred to in the Oxfam report Waking the Devil as well as later being in the Luhago Kabona localities of Kabare territoire 18th Brigade Congolese soldiers being trained by American contractors wait for instructions during training at Camp Base Kisangani 5 May 2010 103rd Brigade integrated previously designated 11th Brigade Elements reported at Walungu 110 km SW of Bukavu South Kivu in the course of rape allegation 27 March 2007 31st Rapid Response Unit Brigade Formed between 2008 and 2017 with Belgian assistance the brigade was described in 2020 as the best in the FARDC and has carried out successful operations It is headquartered in Kindu Maniema In April 2024 a group of 3 000 soldiers from the brigade completed a year long training program under Belgian instruction at the Camp Lwama Commando Training Center near Kindu Updates in 2014 In September 2014 President Kabila reshuffled the command structure and in addition to military regions created three new defense zones which would be subordinated directly to the general staff The defense zones essentially created a new layer between the general staff and the provincial commanders The military regions themselves were reorganized and do not correspond with the ones that existed prior to the reshuffle A Congolese military analyst based in Brussels Jean Jacques Wondo provided an outline of the updated command structure of the FARDC following the shake up of the high command 1st Defense Zone Bas Congo Bandundu Equateur and Kinshasa Brig Gen Gabriel Amisi Kumba 11th Military Region Bandundu Province Gen Dieudonne Kiamata Mutupeke 12th Military Region Bas Congo Province Gen Jonas Padiri Muhizi 13th Military Region Equateur Province Gen Luboya Kashama Djuni 14th Military Region Kinshasa Brig Gen Camille Bombele Luwala 2nd Defense Zone Kasai and Katanga Maj Gen Jean Claude Kifwa 21st Military Region Kasai Oriental and Kasai Occidental Provinces Gen Fall Jikabwe 22nd Military Region Katanga Province Philemon Yav 3rd Defense Zone Kivu Maneima and Katanga Maj Gen 31st Military Region Bas Uele and Tshopo Districts Gen Bertin Baseka Kamangala 32nd Military Region Haut Uele and Ituri Districts Gen Jean Pierre Bunguabele 33rd Military Region Maneima and South Kivu Provinces Gen Gaetan Kakudji Bobo 34th Military Region North Kivu Province Maj Gen Emmanuel Lombe Chiefs of staff Several known officers held the post of chief of land forces staff 2003 2006 Gabriel Amisi Kumba 2006 2012 Francois Olenga 2012 2014 Dieudonne Banze 2014 2020 2020 2024 present Foreign assistance A number of outside donor countries are also carrying out separate training programmes for various parts of the Forces du Terrestres Land Forces The People s Republic of China has trained Congolese troops at Kamina in Katanga from at least 2004 to 2009 and the Belgian government is training at least one rapid reaction battalion Between 2008 and 2017 the formation of the 31st Rapid Reaction Brigade was completed with Belgian assistance Belgium s Chief of Defense Michel Hofman announced in 2022 that Belgium will continue assisting the unit It received training from the Belgian Special Operations Regiment in 2022 and the European Union has provided it with 20 million of equipment in 2023 The EU announced in 2024 that it will spend 29 5 million on the brigade between 2023 and 2027 When Kabila visited U S President George W Bush in Washington D C he also asked the U S Government to train a battalion and as a result a private contractor Protection Strategies Incorporated started training a FARDC light infantry battalion at Camp Base Kisangani in February 2010 The unit of 750 Congolese soldiers would become known as the 391st Commando Battalion The company was supervised by U S Special Operations Command Africa The battalion was trained in small unit tactics communications medical care and food production to sustain itself However in 2013 during the M23 rebel advance in eastern Congo several members of the 391st Commando Battalion were found to have committed mass rape against civilian women fleeing from the warzone and other atrocities Republican GuardIn addition to the other land forces there is a Republican Guard presidential force formerly known as the Special Presidential Security Group GSSP FARDC military officials state that the Garde Republicaine is not the responsibility of FARDC but the Head of State Apart from Article 140 of the Law on the Army and Defence no legal stipulation on the DRC s Armed Forces makes provision for the GR as a distinct unit within the national army In February 2005 President Joseph Kabila passed a decree which appointed the GR s commanding officer and repealed any previous provisions contrary to that decree The GR is more than 10 000 strong the ICG said 10 000 15 000 in January 2007 and has better working conditions and is paid regularly but still commits rapes and robberies nearby their bases In an effort to extend his personal control across the country then President Joseph Kabila deployed the GR at key airports ostensibly in preparation for an impending presidential visit At the end of 2005 there were Guards deployed in Mbandaka Kindu Lubumbashi Bukavu Kolwezi staying many months after the President had left They are still deployed at Kisangani s Bangoka airport where they appear to answer to no local commander and have caused trouble with MONUC troops there The GR is also supposed to undergo the integration process but as of January 2007 only one battalion had been announced as being integrated Formed at a brassage centre in the Kinshasa suburb of Kibomango the battalion included 800 men half from the former GSSP and half from the MLC and RCD Goma EquipmentAttempting to list the equipment available to the DRC s land forces is difficult most figures are unreliable estimates based on known items delivered in the past The IISS s Military Balance 2007 and Orbat com s Concise World Armies 2005 give only slightly differing figures however the figures below are from the IISS Military Balance 2007 Much of the Army s equipment is non operational due to insufficient maintenance in 2002 only 20 percent of the Army s armoured vehicles were estimated as being serviceable Main Battle Tanks 30 x Type 59 20 x T 55 some T 72 Reconnaissance vehicles 40 Type 62 light tanks 40 Panhard AML armoured cars some EE 9 Cascavel Infantry Fighting Vehicles 20 BMP 1 Armoured Personnel Carriers IISS reports M 113 Type 63 and wheeled vehicles including Casspir Panhard M3 TH 390 Fahd Wolf Turbo 2 Artillery 100 field guns ranging from M116 howitzer 75 mm to Type 59 130 mm and 30 Type 81 MRL In addition to these 2007 figures In March 2010 it was reported that the DRC s land forces had ordered US 80 million worth of military equipment from Ukraine which included 20 T 72 main battle tanks 100 trucks and various small arms 20 x T 72 have been reported by World Defence Almanac Tanks have been used in the Kivus in the 2005 9 period In February 2014 Ukraine revealed that it had achieved the first export order for the T 64 tank to the DRC Land Forces for 50 T 64BV 1s Rank insigniaRank group General flag officers Senior officers Junior officers Land Forces of the DR Congo vte General d armee Lieutenant general General major General de brigade Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Capitaine Lieutenant Sous lieutenantOther forces active in the countryUnited Nations Locations of MONUC units as at December 2009 There are currently large numbers of United Nations troops stationed in the DRC The United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo MONUSCO As of 31 August 2011 update had a strength of over 19 000 peacekeepers including 16 998 military personnel and has a mission of assisting Congolese authorities maintain security The UN and foreign military aid missions the most prominent being EUSEC RD Congo are attempting to assist the Congolese in rebuilding the armed forces with major efforts being made in trying to assure regular payment of salaries to armed forces personnel and also in military justice Retired Canadian Lieutenant General Marc Caron also served for a time as Security Sector Reform advisor to the head of MONUC Non and anti government forces Groups of anti Rwandan government rebels like the FDLR and other foreign fighters remain inside the DRC The FDLR which is the greatest concern was some 6 000 strong as of July 2007 By late 2010 the FDLR s strength however was estimated at 2 500 The other groups are smaller the Ugandan Lord s Resistance Army the Ugandan rebel group the Allied Democratic Forces in the remote area of Mt Rwenzori and the Burundian Parti pour la Liberation du Peuple Hutu Forces Nationales de Liberation PALIPEHUTU FNL Government paramilitaries Finally there is a government paramilitary force created in 1997 under President Laurent Kabila The National Service is tasked with providing the army with food and with training the youth in a range of reconstruction and developmental activities There is not much further information available and no internet accessible source details the relationship of the National Service to other armed forces bodies it is not listed in the constitution President Kabila in one of the few comments available says National Service will provide a gainful activity for street children Obligatory civil service administered through the armed forces was also proposed under the Mobutu regime during the radicalisation programme of December 1974 January 1975 the FAZ was opposed to the measure and the plan took several months to die ReferencesIISS 2023 The Military Balance 2023 International Institute for Strategic Studies p 446 Ilunga Patrick 20 December 2024 DR Congo s Tshisekedi removes army chief in major shake up The EastAfrican Retrieved 27 January 2025 Garrett Nicholas Sergiou Sylvia Koen Vlassenroot 2008 Negotiated peace for extortion the case of Walikale territory in eastern DR Congo Journal of Eastern African Studies 3 1 Taylor and Francis 9 doi 10 1080 17531050802682671 ISSN 1753 1063 S2CID 154957722 International Crisis Group Security Sector Reform in the Congo Africa Report No 104 13 February 2006 17 18 Retrieved 1 November 2008 Henri Boshoff The DDR Process in the DRC a never ending story Institute for Security Studies Pretoria 2 July 2007 International Crisis Group Bringing Peace to North Kivu Africa Report No 133 31 October 2007 p 13 Amnesty International Democratic Republic of Congo Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration DDR and Reform of the Army Amnesty International Archived from the original on 2007 08 21 Retrieved 2007 07 13 Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration DDR and the Reform of the Army 25 January 2007 AI Index AFR 62 001 2007 Autesserre Severine 2008 The Trouble With Congo Foreign Affairs 87 3 New York Council on Foreign Relations 104 105 monuc org FARDC troops estimated at 100 000 says EUSEC 20 03 2006 Monuc org Archived from the original on 2007 10 13 Retrieved 29 September 2008 Only just staying in one piece The Economist 28 July 2007 p 42 Retrieved 4 August 2007 Hans Romkena De Vennhoop Opportunities and Constraints for the Disarmament and Repatriation of Foreign Armed Groups in the DRC Archived 2009 01 01 at the Wayback Machine Multi Country Demobilization and Recovery Program April 2007 p 32 Special Forces of the Congo FARDC Deployed in Northern Katanga Archived 2017 12 15 at the Wayback Machine Virungamountains blogspot com Published 25 May 2015 Retrieved 14 December 2017 12 fr htm Archived 2011 05 14 at the Wayback Machine Cdomuseum be Retrieved on 2013 09 04 Clement SSR in the DRC SSR in Challenging Environments DCAF 2009 92 MONUC Human Rights report Archived 2007 12 17 at the Wayback Machine April 2007 paragraph 31 and MONUC via Le Potential Violation des droits de l homme en RDC etat des lieux de la Monuc Archived 2015 06 10 at the Wayback Machine 10 August 2007 MONUC via Reliefweb RD Congo Rapport mensuel des droits de l homme juillet 2007 paragraph 14 MONUC Human Rights Report via Le Potentiel Archived 2015 06 10 at the Wayback Machine Le Potentiel 18 April 2007 MONUC s Nineteenth Report S 2005 603 dated 26 September 2005 7 MONUC Human Rights Report July 2007 French paragraph 11 Quoted from MONUC 21st Report S 2006 390 13 June 2006 9 See also U S State Department 06KINSHASA178 FARDC Second Brigade To Move To North Kivu Archived 2014 04 07 at the Wayback Machine 2 February 2006 Au cours du mois d avril 2007 des soldats FARDC de la 6eme Brigade Integree basee a Jiba 60 km au Nord Est de Bunia Ituri ont ete responsables de 14 cas de viol et de plusieurs cas de mauvais traitements a l egard de la population locale MONUC via Le Potentiel Kinshasa Congo Kinshasa Violation des droits de l homme en RDC Archived 2011 09 26 at the Wayback Machine 22 June 2007 International Crisis Group Congo Bringing Peace to North Kivu 31 October 2007 p 12 French Retrieved July 2009 Archived from the original on 2015 06 11 Retrieved 2013 11 15 Les Depeches Lepotentiel com Archived from the original on 2007 09 30 Retrieved 29 September 2008 MONUC Droits de l Homme Rapport Mensuel Mai 2007 Archived 2007 10 13 at the Wayback Machine paragraph 22 Societecivile cd Imminence d une mutinerie a Luberizi a l Est de la RD Congo dans la Province du Sud Kivu Archived 2007 09 27 at the Wayback Machine 23 May 2007 06KINSHASA1260 10 August 2006 and Turner 2007 139 Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Situation humanitaire en RDC Sud Kivu Rapport hebdomadaire du 30 juin au 06 juillet 2007 6 July 2007 MONUC via Congo Tribune Violation des droits de l homme en RDC etat des lieux de la Monuc Archived from the original on 2007 09 28 Retrieved 2007 08 31 MONUC http www monuc org news aspx newsID 15189 Archived 2007 12 17 at the Wayback Machine MONUC http www monuc org news aspx newsID 14799 Archived 2007 10 13 at the Wayback Machine paragraph 25 Central Africa A slow road to travel Africa Confidential 11 January 2008 Vol 49 No 1 p 9 Human Rights Watch 2009 Soldiers Who Rape Commanders Who Condone Sexual Violence and Military Reform in the Democratic Republic of Congo PDF New York Human Rights Watch ISBN 978 1 56432 510 5 Archived PDF from the original on 2017 06 23 Retrieved 2016 12 04 See also U S State Department 08KINSHASA441 The FARDC 14th Brigade A Burden to Kabare Residents Archived 2012 03 18 at the Wayback Machine 19 May 2008 MONUC via allafrica com at Congo Kinshasa La Monuc a rendu hommages aux 85 soldats de la paix decedes en RDC depuis le debut de sa mission Archived 2012 02 05 at the Wayback Machine See also on 12th and 13th Battalions of 17th Brigade Congo Kinshasa Second Monuc Training Session of FARDC Integrated Brigades Ends 06 Feb 08 Archived 2011 07 14 at the Wayback Machine Radio Okapi May 2009 Nindja attaques des FDLR 2 officiers FARDC tues et un disparu Reliefweb and MONUC Archived 2008 05 27 at the Wayback Machine Le Potential Congo Kinshasa Rapport de la Monuc pour avril 2007 graves violations des droits de l homme en RDC Archived 2011 09 26 at the Wayback Machine via Allafrica com 21 May 2007 There is an ambiguous reference to the eleventh and twelfth brigades in the ICG s 31 October 2007 report Bringing Peace to North Kivu Appendix C page 25 indicating that these two formations may have been principally raised from the all Hutu Local Defence Force in North Kivu revived by Governor Eugene Serufuli probably during the 2000 2002 period RDC la mission de formation des militaires se poursuivra en 2023 selon l amiral Hofman DRC Military training mission to continue in 2023 says Admiral Hofman RTBF in French 13 December 2022 Wondo Jean Jacques August 7 2020 Army command reshuffle by Felix Tshisekedi expectations and disillusions JJ Wondo Afridesk Retrieved January 27 2025 RDC fin de formation de 3 000 nouveaux commandos sous supervision belge DRC end of training of 3 000 new commandos under Belgian supervision La Libre Belgique in French 24 April 2024 Maniema cloture de 12 mois de formation de 3000 militaires de la 31e brigade d intervention rapide Maniema completion of 12 months of training of 3 000 military personnel of the 31st Rapid Intervention Brigade Radio Okapi in French 23 April 2024 Reshuffle in the Congolese army cui bono Archived 2018 03 05 at the Wayback Machine Suluhu org Published 28 September 2014 Retrieved 4 March 2018 Commanders of defense zones and military zones as of September 2014 Archived 2015 01 10 at the Wayback Machine List of general officers appointed to the heads of military units PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2015 01 10 Retrieved 2018 03 04 Rogue army for a failed state Archived 2015 03 19 at the Wayback Machine Good Governance Africa Published February 1 2015 Retrieved March 29 2015 Joseph Kabila meets with security council Archived 2015 04 02 at the Wayback Machine Digital Congo Published 5 November 2014 Retrieved 29 March 2015 See Africa Confidential A multinational road to army reform 24 July 2009 p 9 and Reuters Factbox International efforts at military reform in Congo 23 December 2009 Fiorenza Nicholas 17 February 2022 Belgium to provide training support to DRC Jane s Information Services Retrieved 27 February 2025 European Peace Facility Council adopts an assistance measure in support of the 31st Rapid Reaction Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo European Council 20 July 2023 Debut de la deuxieme phase de la mission au Congo Start of the second phase of the mission in Congo in French Belgian Ministry of Defense 6 September 2022 Facilite europeenne pour la paix lancement du soutien a la 31eme Brigade de reaction rapide des Forces armees de la Republique democratique du Congo FARDC European Peace Facility launch of support for the 31st Rapid Reaction Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo FARDC EU Delegation to the DRC 3 December 2024 U S Africa Command Home Archived from the original on 2011 02 26 Retrieved 2010 08 03 and Protection Strategies Incorporated What s New Archived 2010 07 30 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 3 August 2010 For Kabila request to Bush see Cable Viewer Archived from the original on 2012 03 18 Retrieved 2011 09 03 Holland James 25 January 2017 750 Congolese Soldiers Graduate from U S led Military Training Form Light Infantry Battalion Archived 2017 12 15 at the Wayback Machine US Army Africa website Retrieved 14 December 2017 Orth Rick 23 May 2013 Stars and Stripes Op ed More U S can do to reform Congolese military Archived 2017 12 15 at the Wayback Machine Enough Project Retrieved 14 December 2017 Whitlock Craig 23 May 2013 U S trained Congolese troops committed rapes and other atrocities U N says Archived 2017 12 30 at the Wayback Machine Washington Post Retrieved 14 December 2014 Amnesty International Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration DDR and the Reform of the Army Archived 2007 08 21 at the Wayback Machine Section VII A 25 January 2007 AI Index AFR 62 001 2007 ICG February 2006 SSR report Sortie officielle du premier bataillon integre de la Garde Republicaine des FARDC Xinhua News Agency 15 September 2006 cited in Amnesty International DRC Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration DDR and the Reform of the Army Archived 2007 08 21 at the Wayback Machine Section VII A 25 January 2007 AI Index AFR 62 001 2007 Jane s Sentinel Security Assessment Central Africa Issue 11 2002 Page 291 AFP Ukraine to supply tanks other weapons to DR Congo Archived 2014 02 26 at the Wayback Machine Google com 2010 03 16 Retrieved on 2013 09 04 KUNB Ukraine To Supply Tanks Other Weapons To DR Congo Archived 2018 01 24 at the Wayback Machine news kievukraine info 2010 03 16 Ukraine to supply a total of 50 T 64BV1 main battle tanks to Democratic Republic of Congo Archived 2014 03 03 at the Wayback Machine Armyrecognition com 13 February 2014 MONUSCO Facts and Figures United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo un org Archived from the original on 2011 10 15 Retrieved 16 October 2011 EU security sector reform mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Council of the European Union Retrieved 12 August 2007 Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces website International Crisis Group Congo Consolidating the Peace Africa Report No 128 5 July 2007 MONUSCO Over 1800 FDLR armed rebels surrender to MONUSCO in 2010 Archived 2011 10 31 at the Wayback Machine 3 February 2011 Jacques Ebenga amp Thierry N Landu The Congolese National Army In search of an identity Archived 2007 07 24 at the Wayback Machine Evolutions and Revolutions Institute for Security Studies Pretoria 2005 Crawford and Young The Rise and Decline of the Zairiean State 1985 p 359 360