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This is a list of countries by research and development R amp D spending in real terms based on data published by the Wo

List of sovereign states by research and development spending

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  • List of sovereign states by research and development spending

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by the World Bank, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

image
World map by research and development spending, according to Our World in Data
image
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″

As of 2022, Israel leads the world in R&D spending as a percentage of GDP, followed by South Korea, the United States, Japan, Belgium and Sweden.

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and purchasing power parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Research and development expenditure
Country WB UNECE OECD
Research and development expenditure Research and development expenditure Gross domestic spending on R&D
% of GDP Year % of GDP Year % of GDP mil USD PPC Year
image Albania 0.15% 2008
image Algeria 0.53% 2017
image American Samoa 0.40% 2006
image Angola 0.03% 2016
image Argentina 0.52% 2021
image Armenia 0.21% 2022 0.21% 2022
image Australia 1.83% 2019
image Austria 3.26% 2021 3.26% 2021 3.20% 15,247.24 2022
image Azerbaijan 0.15% 2022 0.15% 2022
image Bahrain 0.10% 2014
image Belarus 0.48% 2022 0.48% 2022
image Belgium 3.43% 2021 3.43% 2021 3.41% 19,815.99 2022
image Bermuda 0.23% 2020
image Bolivia 0.16% 2009
image Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.19% 2022 0.19% 2022
image Botswana 0.56% 2013
image Brazil 1.15% 2020
image Brunei 0.28% 2018
image Bulgaria 0.77% 2021 0.77% 2021
image Burkina Faso 0.25% 2021
image Burundi 0.21% 2018
image Cabo Verde 0.07% 2011
image Cambodia 0.12% 2015
image Canada 1.55% 2022 1.55% 2022 1.71% 32,444.09 2022
image Chad 0.30% 2016
image Chile 0.33% 2020
image China 2.43% 2021
image Colombia 0.29% 2020
image Costa Rica 0.28% 2021
image Croatia 1.24% 2021 1.24% 2021
image Cuba 0.32% 2021
image Cyprus 0.83% 2021 0.83% 2021
image Czech Republic 2.00% 2021 2.00% 2021 1.96% 8,065.57 2022
image Côte d'Ivoire 0.07% 2016
image Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.41% 2015
image Denmark 2.81% 2021 2.81% 2021 2.89% 9,482.75 2022
image Ecuador 0.44% 2014
image Egypt 1.02% 2022
image El Salvador 0.16% 2021
image Estonia 1.75% 2021 1.75% 2021 1.78% 851.98 2022
image Eswatini 0.27% 2015
image Ethiopia 0.27% 2017
image Faroe Islands 0.85% 2003
image Finland 2.99% 2021 2.99% 2021 2.96% 7,630.49 2022
image France 2.22% 2021 2.22% 2021 2.18% 63,972.56 2022
image Gabon 0.58% 2009
image Gambia 0.07% 2018
image Georgia 0.24% 2022 0.24% 2022
image Germany 3.14% 2021 3.14% 2021 3.13% 131,833.55 2022
image Ghana 0.38% 2010
image Greece 1.46% 2021 1.46% 2021 1.49% 4,673.54 2022
image Greenland 0.65% 2004
image Guam 0.26% 2005
image Guatemala 0.06% 2021
image Honduras 0.06% 2019
image Hong Kong 1.07% 2022
image Hungary 1.64% 2021 1.64% 2021 1.39% 4,632.64 2022
image Iceland 2.81% 2021 2.81% 2021 2.60% 533.65 2022
image India 0.65% 2020
image Indonesia 0.28% 2020
image Iran 0.79% 2019
image Iraq 0.04% 2021
image Ireland 1.13% 2021 1.13% 2021 0.96% 5,346.65 2022
image Israel 5.56% 2021 5.56% 2021 6.02% 24,338.76 2022
image Italy 1.45% 2021 1.45% 2021 1.32% 31,678.33 2022
image Jamaica 0.06% 2002
image Japan 3.30% 2021 3.41% 180,459.43 2022
image Jordan 0.70% 2016
image Kazakhstan 0.12% 2022 0.12% 2022
image Kenya 0.41% 2022
image Kuwait 0.08% 2022
image Kyrgyzstan 0.08% 2022 0.08% 2022
image Laos 0.04% 2002
image Latvia 0.74% 2021 0.74% 2021 0.76% 441.57 2022
image Lesotho 0.05% 2015
image Lithuania 1.11% 2021 1.11% 2021 1.02% 1,086.65 2022
image Luxembourg 1.04% 2021 1.04% 2021 0.98% 715.64 2022
image Macau 0.49% 2022
image Madagascar 0.01% 2017
image Malaysia 0.95% 2020
image Mali 0.17% 2021
image Malta 0.67% 2021 0.67% 2021
image Mauritania 0.01% 2018
image Mauritius 0.31% 2022
image Mexico 0.27% 2022
image Moldova 0.23% 2022 0.23% 2022
image Monaco 0.04% 2005
image Mongolia 0.00% 2022
image Montenegro 0.36% 2019 0.36% 2019
image Morocco 0.66% 2010
image Mozambique 0.31% 2015
image Myanmar 0.04% 2022
image Namibia 0.35% 2014
image Nepal 0.30% 2010
image Netherlands 2.31% 2021 2.31% 2021 2.30% 22,861.22 2022
image New Zealand 1.45% 2021
image Nicaragua 0.11% 2015
image Nigeria 0.28% 2019
image North Macedonia 0.38% 2022 0.38% 2022
image Norway 1.94% 2021 1.94% 2021 1.56% 7,209.06 2022
image Oman 0.28% 2022
image Pakistan 0.16% 2021
image Palestine 0.45% 2013
image Panama 0.18% 2022
image Papua New Guinea 0.03% 2016
image Paraguay 0.14% 2021
image Peru 0.16% 2022
image Philippines 0.32% 2018
image Poland 1.44% 2021 1.44% 2021 1.45% 19,638.97 2022
image Portugal 1.73% 2022 1.73% 2022 1.70% 6,039.44 2022
image Puerto Rico 0.43% 2015
image Qatar 0.68% 2021
image Republic of the Congo 0.41% 2022
image Romania 0.47% 2021 0.47% 2021
image Russia 0.94% 2022 0.94% 2022
image Rwanda 0.76% 2019
image Saint Lucia 0.27% 1999
image Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0.11% 2002
image Saudi Arabia 0.46% 2022
image Senegal 0.58% 2015
image Serbia 0.97% 2022 0.97% 2022
image Seychelles 0.22% 2016
image Singapore 2.16% 2020
image Slovakia 0.92% 2021 0.92% 2021 0.98% 1,843.37 2022
image Slovenia 2.13% 2021 2.13% 2021 2.11% 1,708.27 2022
image South Africa 0.60% 2020
image South Korea 4.93% 2021 5.21% 119,643.78 2022
image Spain 1.43% 2021 1.43% 2021 1.44% 25,758.29 2022
image Sri Lanka 0.12% 2020
image Sudan 0.22% 2005
image Sweden 3.42% 2021 3.42% 2021 3.41% 19,031.00 2022
image Switzerland 3.36% 2021 3.36% 2021
image Syria 0.02% 2015
image Tajikistan 0.09% 2020 0.09% 2020
image Tanzania 0.51% 2013
image Thailand 1.21% 2021
image Togo 0.20% 2014
image Trinidad and Tobago 0.05% 2021
image Tunisia 0.75% 2019
image Turkey 1.40% 2021 1.40% 2021 1.32% 36,986.66 2022
image Uganda 0.14% 2014
image Ukraine 0.33% 2022 0.33% 2022
image United Arab Emirates 1.50% 2021
image United Kingdom 2.91% 2021 2.91% 2021
image United States Virgin Islands 0.03% 2007
image United States 3.46% 2021 3.46% 2021 3.59% 761,582.95 2022
image Uruguay 0.42% 2021
image Uzbekistan 0.16% 2022 0.16% 2022
image Venezuela 0.69% 2016
image Vietnam 0.43% 2021
image Zambia 0.28% 2008
image European Union 2.11% 408,322.10  2022
OECD 2.73% 1,707,220.86  2022

References

  1. Our World in Data. "Research and development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  3. World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  4. United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  5. World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  6. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  7. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". World Bank. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  8. "Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  9. "Gross domestic spending on R&D (% of GDP)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
  10. "Gross domestic spending on R&D (Million US dollars)". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2024-10-16.

See also

  • Business R&D intensity by country
  • List of companies by research and development spending
  • List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles
  • List of countries by number of scientists and researchers
  • List of U.S. states by research and development spending
  • Science of science policy
  • Science policy

Author: www.NiNa.Az

Publication date: Apr 26, 2025 / 11:20

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This is a list of countries by research and development R amp D spending in real terms based on data published by the World Bank the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD World map by research and development spending according to Our World in Data World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita according to OECD 2000 2249 1750 1999 1500 1749 1250 1499 1000 1249 750 999 500 749 250 499 0 249 No data According to World Bank Gross domestic expenditures on research and development R amp D include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors Business enterprise Government Higher education and Private non profit R amp D covers basic research applied research and experimental development According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Research and development R amp D expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product GDP is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development R amp D performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product GDP According to the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Gross domestic spending on R amp D is defined as the total expenditure current and capital on R amp D carried out by all resident companies research institutes university and government laboratories etc in a country It includes R amp D funded from abroad but excludes domestic funds for R amp D performed outside the domestic economy As of 2022 Israel leads the world in R amp D spending as a percentage of GDP followed by South Korea the United States Japan Belgium and Sweden ListThe following table provides information on R amp D spending based on data published by World Bank United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and purchasing power parities PPPs by OECD and as percentage of GDP Research and development expenditure Country WB UNECE OECD Research and development expenditure Research and development expenditure Gross domestic spending on R amp D of GDP Year of GDP Year of GDP mil USD PPC Year Albania 0 15 2008 Algeria 0 53 2017 American Samoa 0 40 2006 Angola 0 03 2016 Argentina 0 52 2021 Armenia 0 21 2022 0 21 2022 Australia 1 83 2019 Austria 3 26 2021 3 26 2021 3 20 15 247 24 2022 Azerbaijan 0 15 2022 0 15 2022 Bahrain 0 10 2014 Belarus 0 48 2022 0 48 2022 Belgium 3 43 2021 3 43 2021 3 41 19 815 99 2022 Bermuda 0 23 2020 Bolivia 0 16 2009 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 19 2022 0 19 2022 Botswana 0 56 2013 Brazil 1 15 2020 Brunei 0 28 2018 Bulgaria 0 77 2021 0 77 2021 Burkina Faso 0 25 2021 Burundi 0 21 2018 Cabo Verde 0 07 2011 Cambodia 0 12 2015 Canada 1 55 2022 1 55 2022 1 71 32 444 09 2022 Chad 0 30 2016 Chile 0 33 2020 China 2 43 2021 Colombia 0 29 2020 Costa Rica 0 28 2021 Croatia 1 24 2021 1 24 2021 Cuba 0 32 2021 Cyprus 0 83 2021 0 83 2021 Czech Republic 2 00 2021 2 00 2021 1 96 8 065 57 2022 Cote d Ivoire 0 07 2016 Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 41 2015 Denmark 2 81 2021 2 81 2021 2 89 9 482 75 2022 Ecuador 0 44 2014 Egypt 1 02 2022 El Salvador 0 16 2021 Estonia 1 75 2021 1 75 2021 1 78 851 98 2022 Eswatini 0 27 2015 Ethiopia 0 27 2017 Faroe Islands 0 85 2003 Finland 2 99 2021 2 99 2021 2 96 7 630 49 2022 France 2 22 2021 2 22 2021 2 18 63 972 56 2022 Gabon 0 58 2009 Gambia 0 07 2018 Georgia 0 24 2022 0 24 2022 Germany 3 14 2021 3 14 2021 3 13 131 833 55 2022 Ghana 0 38 2010 Greece 1 46 2021 1 46 2021 1 49 4 673 54 2022 Greenland 0 65 2004 Guam 0 26 2005 Guatemala 0 06 2021 Honduras 0 06 2019 Hong Kong 1 07 2022 Hungary 1 64 2021 1 64 2021 1 39 4 632 64 2022 Iceland 2 81 2021 2 81 2021 2 60 533 65 2022 India 0 65 2020 Indonesia 0 28 2020 Iran 0 79 2019 Iraq 0 04 2021 Ireland 1 13 2021 1 13 2021 0 96 5 346 65 2022 Israel 5 56 2021 5 56 2021 6 02 24 338 76 2022 Italy 1 45 2021 1 45 2021 1 32 31 678 33 2022 Jamaica 0 06 2002 Japan 3 30 2021 3 41 180 459 43 2022 Jordan 0 70 2016 Kazakhstan 0 12 2022 0 12 2022 Kenya 0 41 2022 Kuwait 0 08 2022 Kyrgyzstan 0 08 2022 0 08 2022 Laos 0 04 2002 Latvia 0 74 2021 0 74 2021 0 76 441 57 2022 Lesotho 0 05 2015 Lithuania 1 11 2021 1 11 2021 1 02 1 086 65 2022 Luxembourg 1 04 2021 1 04 2021 0 98 715 64 2022 Macau 0 49 2022 Madagascar 0 01 2017 Malaysia 0 95 2020 Mali 0 17 2021 Malta 0 67 2021 0 67 2021 Mauritania 0 01 2018 Mauritius 0 31 2022 Mexico 0 27 2022 Moldova 0 23 2022 0 23 2022 Monaco 0 04 2005 Mongolia 0 00 2022 Montenegro 0 36 2019 0 36 2019 Morocco 0 66 2010 Mozambique 0 31 2015 Myanmar 0 04 2022 Namibia 0 35 2014 Nepal 0 30 2010 Netherlands 2 31 2021 2 31 2021 2 30 22 861 22 2022 New Zealand 1 45 2021 Nicaragua 0 11 2015 Nigeria 0 28 2019 North Macedonia 0 38 2022 0 38 2022 Norway 1 94 2021 1 94 2021 1 56 7 209 06 2022 Oman 0 28 2022 Pakistan 0 16 2021 Palestine 0 45 2013 Panama 0 18 2022 Papua New Guinea 0 03 2016 Paraguay 0 14 2021 Peru 0 16 2022 Philippines 0 32 2018 Poland 1 44 2021 1 44 2021 1 45 19 638 97 2022 Portugal 1 73 2022 1 73 2022 1 70 6 039 44 2022 Puerto Rico 0 43 2015 Qatar 0 68 2021 Republic of the Congo 0 41 2022 Romania 0 47 2021 0 47 2021 Russia 0 94 2022 0 94 2022 Rwanda 0 76 2019 Saint Lucia 0 27 1999 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 11 2002 Saudi Arabia 0 46 2022 Senegal 0 58 2015 Serbia 0 97 2022 0 97 2022 Seychelles 0 22 2016 Singapore 2 16 2020 Slovakia 0 92 2021 0 92 2021 0 98 1 843 37 2022 Slovenia 2 13 2021 2 13 2021 2 11 1 708 27 2022 South Africa 0 60 2020 South Korea 4 93 2021 5 21 119 643 78 2022 Spain 1 43 2021 1 43 2021 1 44 25 758 29 2022 Sri Lanka 0 12 2020 Sudan 0 22 2005 Sweden 3 42 2021 3 42 2021 3 41 19 031 00 2022 Switzerland 3 36 2021 3 36 2021 Syria 0 02 2015 Tajikistan 0 09 2020 0 09 2020 Tanzania 0 51 2013 Thailand 1 21 2021 Togo 0 20 2014 Trinidad and Tobago 0 05 2021 Tunisia 0 75 2019 Turkey 1 40 2021 1 40 2021 1 32 36 986 66 2022 Uganda 0 14 2014 Ukraine 0 33 2022 0 33 2022 United Arab Emirates 1 50 2021 United Kingdom 2 91 2021 2 91 2021 United States Virgin Islands 0 03 2007 United States 3 46 2021 3 46 2021 3 59 761 582 95 2022 Uruguay 0 42 2021 Uzbekistan 0 16 2022 0 16 2022 Venezuela 0 69 2016 Vietnam 0 43 2021 Zambia 0 28 2008 European Union 2 11 408 322 10 2022 OECD 2 73 1 707 220 86 2022ReferencesOur World in Data Research and development spending as a share of GDP ourworldindata org Retrieved 2024 10 16 Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Gross domestic spending on R amp D data oecd org Retrieved 2024 10 16 World Bank Metadata Glossary Research and development expenditure of GDP databank worldbank org Retrieved 2024 10 16 United Nations Indicator 9 5 1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP unstats un org Retrieved 2024 10 16 World Bank Research and development expenditure of GDP data worldbank org Retrieved 2024 10 16 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Indicator 9 5 1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP w3 unece org Retrieved 2024 10 16 Research and development expenditure of GDP World Bank Retrieved 2024 10 16 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Retrieved 2024 10 16 Gross domestic spending on R amp D of GDP Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Retrieved 2024 10 16 Gross domestic spending on R amp D Million US dollars Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Retrieved 2024 10 16 See alsoBusiness R amp D intensity by country List of companies by research and development spending List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles List of countries by number of scientists and researchers List of U S states by research and development spending Science of science policy Science policy

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