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The United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency was established by the United States Senate in 1953 to investigate the problem of juvenile delinquency.
Background
The subcommittee was a unit of the United States Senate Judiciary Committee and was created by a motion of Senator Robert Hendrickson, a Republican from New Jersey. Its initial budget was $44,000. The first members of the subcommittee consisted of Senator Hendrickson, and Senators Estes Kefauver (Democrat from Tennessee), Thomas C. Hennings, Jr. (Democrat from Missouri), and William Langer (Republican from North Dakota). Senator Hendrickson was initially the chair of the committee but was later replaced as chair by Senator Kefauver.
1954 comic book hearings
The public hearings took place on April 21, 22, and June 4, 1954, in New York. They focused on particularly graphic "crime and horror" comic books of the day, and their potential impact on juvenile delinquency. When publisher William Gaines contended that he sold only comic books of good taste, Kefauver entered into evidence one of Gaines' comics (Crime SuspenStories #22 [April-May 1954]), which showed a dismembered woman's head on its cover. The exchange between Gaines and Kefauver led to a front-page story in The New York Times the following day.
Chief Counsel Herbert Beaser asked: "Then you think a child cannot in any way, shape, or manner, be hurt by anything that the child reads or sees?"
William Gaines responded: "I do not believe so."
Beaser: "There would be no limit, actually, to what you'd put in the magazines?"
Gaines: "Only within the bounds of good taste."
Sen. Kefauver: "Here is your May issue. This seems to be a man with a bloody ax holding a woman's head up which has been severed from her body. Do you think that's in good taste?"
Gaines: "Yes sir, I do — for the cover of a horror comic. A cover in bad taste, for example, might be defined as holding her head a little higher so that blood could be seen dripping from it and moving the body a little further over so that the neck of the body could be seen to be bloody."
Kefauver (doubtful): "You've got blood coming out of her mouth."
Gaines: "A little."
What none of the senators knew was that Gaines had already cleaned up the cover of this issue. Artist Johnny Craig's first draft included those very elements that Gaines had said were in "bad taste" and had him clean it up before publication.
Because of the unfavorable press coverage resulting from the hearings, the comic book industry adopted the Comics Code Authority, a self-regulatory ratings code that was initially adopted by nearly all comic publishers and continued to be used by some comics until 2011. In the immediate aftermath of the hearings, several publishers were forced to revamp their schedules and drastically censor or even cancel many popular long-standing comic series.
See also
- Seduction of the Innocent by Fredric Wertham
Notes
- "Senators to Hold Teen Age Hearings". The New York Times. Sep 19, 1953. p. 16.
- Kihss, Peter (April 22, 1954). "No Harm in Horror, Comics Issuer Says". The New York Times. p. 1.
- Nyberg, Amy (February 1, 1998). Seal of Approval: The Origins and History of the Comics Code, Volume 1. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0-87805-974-1. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
References
Bibliography
- Beaty, Bart (2005). Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture. University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 1-57806-819-3.
- Nyberg, Ami Kiste (1998). Seal of Approval: The History of the Comics Code, University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 0-87805-975-X.
- Juvenile Delinquency (Comic Books) hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency in the U.S., Eighty-Third Congress, second session, on Apr. 21, 22, June 4, 1954. (OCLC Worldcat link to 5320509 or 27331381)
External links
- 1954 Senate Subcommittee Transcripts
- Comic Books and Juvenile Delinquency Interim Report of the Committee on the judiciary pursuant to S. Res. 89 and S. Res. 190
- 1955 hearings transcripts: U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency, Juvenile Delinquency (Obscene and Pornographic Materials): hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency Pursuant to Senate Resolution 62, Investigation of Juvenile Delinquency in the United States, May 24, 26, 31, June 9 and 18, 1955, 84th Congress, 1st session.
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The United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency was established by the United States Senate in 1953 to investigate the problem of juvenile delinquency BackgroundThe subcommittee was a unit of the United States Senate Judiciary Committee and was created by a motion of Senator Robert Hendrickson a Republican from New Jersey Its initial budget was 44 000 The first members of the subcommittee consisted of Senator Hendrickson and Senators Estes Kefauver Democrat from Tennessee Thomas C Hennings Jr Democrat from Missouri and William Langer Republican from North Dakota Senator Hendrickson was initially the chair of the committee but was later replaced as chair by Senator Kefauver 1954 comic book hearingsThe public hearings took place on April 21 22 and June 4 1954 in New York They focused on particularly graphic crime and horror comic books of the day and their potential impact on juvenile delinquency When publisher William Gaines contended that he sold only comic books of good taste Kefauver entered into evidence one of Gaines comics Crime SuspenStories 22 April May 1954 which showed a dismembered woman s head on its cover The exchange between Gaines and Kefauver led to a front page story in The New York Times the following day Chief Counsel Herbert Beaser asked Then you think a child cannot in any way shape or manner be hurt by anything that the child reads or sees William Gaines responded I do not believe so Beaser There would be no limit actually to what you d put in the magazines Gaines Only within the bounds of good taste Sen Kefauver Here is your May issue This seems to be a man with a bloody ax holding a woman s head up which has been severed from her body Do you think that s in good taste Gaines Yes sir I do for the cover of a horror comic A cover in bad taste for example might be defined as holding her head a little higher so that blood could be seen dripping from it and moving the body a little further over so that the neck of the body could be seen to be bloody Kefauver doubtful You ve got blood coming out of her mouth Gaines A little What none of the senators knew was that Gaines had already cleaned up the cover of this issue Artist Johnny Craig s first draft included those very elements that Gaines had said were in bad taste and had him clean it up before publication Because of the unfavorable press coverage resulting from the hearings the comic book industry adopted the Comics Code Authority a self regulatory ratings code that was initially adopted by nearly all comic publishers and continued to be used by some comics until 2011 In the immediate aftermath of the hearings several publishers were forced to revamp their schedules and drastically censor or even cancel many popular long standing comic series See alsoSeduction of the Innocent by Fredric WerthamNotes Senators to Hold Teen Age Hearings The New York Times Sep 19 1953 p 16 Kihss Peter April 22 1954 No Harm in Horror Comics Issuer Says The New York Times p 1 Nyberg Amy February 1 1998 Seal of Approval The Origins and History of the Comics Code Volume 1 University Press of Mississippi pp 61 63 ISBN 0 87805 974 1 Retrieved 9 November 2016 ReferencesBibliography Beaty Bart 2005 Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture University Press of Mississippi ISBN 1 57806 819 3 Nyberg Ami Kiste 1998 Seal of Approval The History of the Comics Code University Press of Mississippi ISBN 0 87805 975 X Juvenile Delinquency Comic Books hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency in the U S Eighty Third Congress second session on Apr 21 22 June 4 1954 OCLC Worldcat link to 5320509 or 27331381 External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to United States Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency 1954 Senate Subcommittee Transcripts Comic Books and Juvenile Delinquency Interim Report of the Committee on the judiciary pursuant to S Res 89 and S Res 190 1955 hearings transcripts U S Congress Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Obscene and Pornographic Materials hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee To Investigate Juvenile Delinquency Pursuant to Senate Resolution 62 Investigation of Juvenile Delinquency in the United States May 24 26 31 June 9 and 18 1955 84th Congress 1st session