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The 1876–77 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, coinciding with Rutherford B. Hayes's narrow election as president. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1876 and 1877, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 2.
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26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections) 39 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Independent gain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Although the Republican Party maintained their Senate majority, the Democratic Party gained five seats.
Results summary
Senate party division, 45th Congress (1877–1879)
- Majority party: Republican (39)
- Minority party: Democratic (35)
- Other parties: Anti-Monopoly (1), Independent (1)
- Total seats: 76
Change in Senate composition
Before the elections
After the November 15, 1876 elections in the new state of Colorado.
| D8 | D7 | D6 | D5 | D4 | D3 | D2 | D1 | ||
| D9 | D10 | D11 | D12 | D13 | D14 | D15 | D16 | D17 | D18 |
| D28 Retired | D27 Retired | D26 Ran | D25 Ran | D24 Ran | D23 Ran | D22 Ran | D21 | D20 | D19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D29 Retired | D30 Retired | AM1 | R45 Retired | R44 Retired | R43 Retired | R42 Retired | R41 Unknown | R40 Unknown | R39 Unknown |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R29 Ran | R30 Ran | R31 Ran | R32 Ran | R33 Ran | R34 Ran | R35 Ran | R36 Ran | R37 Ran | R38 Ran |
| R28 | R27 | R26 | R25 | R24 | R23 | R22 | R21 | R20 | R19 |
| R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 |
| R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 | R4 | R3 | R2 | R1 | ||
After the elections
| D8 | D7 | D6 | D5 | D4 | D3 | D2 | D1 | ||
| D9 | D10 | D11 | D12 | D13 | D14 | D15 | D16 | D17 | D18 |
| D28 Hold | D27 Hold | D26 Hold | D25 Re-elected | D24 Re-elected | D23 Re-elected | D22 Re-elected | D21 | D20 | D19 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D29 Hold | D30 Hold | D31 Gain | D32 Gain | D33 Gain | D34 Gain | D35 Gain | I1 Gain | AM1 | R39 Hold |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R29 Re-elected | R30 Re-elected | R31 Re-elected | R32 Re-elected | R33 Re-elected | R34 Hold | R35 Hold | R36 Hold | R37 Hold | R38 Hold |
| R28 | R27 | R26 | R25 | R24 | R23 | R22 | R21 | R20 | R19 |
| R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 | R15 | R16 | R17 | R18 |
| R8 | R7 | R6 | R5 | R4 | R3 | R2 | R1 | ||
| Key: |
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Race summaries
Special elections during the 44th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated during 1876 or in 1877 before March 4; ordered by election date.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Louisiana (Class 3) | Vacant | Senate had declined to seat rival claimants William L. McMillen and P. B. S. Pinchback. Senator elected January 12, 1876. Democratic gain. |
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| Connecticut (Class 3) | James E. English | Democratic | 1875 (appointed) | Interim appointee retired when successor elected. New senator elected May 17, 1876. Democratic hold. |
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| Colorado (Class 2) | None (new state) | Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876. First senator elected November 15, 1876. Republican gain. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below. |
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| Colorado (Class 3) | Colorado admitted to the Union August 1, 1876. First senator elected November 15, 1876. Republican gain. |
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| Tennessee (Class 1) | David M. Key | Democratic | 1875 (appointed) | Interim appointee lost special election. New senator elected January 19, 1877 on the 74th ballot. Democratic hold. |
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| Maine (Class 2) | James G. Blaine | Republican | 1876 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected January 17, 1877. Winner was also elected to the next term; see below. |
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| West Virginia (Class 1) | Samuel Price | Democratic | 1876 (appointed) | Interim appointee lost special election. New senator elected January 26, 1877 on the 5th ballot. Democratic hold. |
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Races leading to the 45th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1877; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | George Goldthwaite | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic hold. |
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| Arkansas | Powell Clayton | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 16, 1877. Democratic gain. |
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| Colorado | Henry M. Teller | Republican | 1876 (new state) | Incumbent re-elected in 1876 or 1877. |
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| Delaware | Eli Saulsbury | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected in 1876. |
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| Georgia | Thomas M. Norwood | Democratic | 1871 (readmission) | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot. Democratic hold. |
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| Illinois | John A. Logan | Republican | 1870–71 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 25, 1877 on the fortieth ballot. Independent gain. |
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| Iowa | George G. Wright | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 19, 1876. Republican hold. |
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| Kansas | James M. Harvey | Republican | 1874 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. New elected January 31, 1877 on the seventeenth ballot. Republican hold. |
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| Kentucky | John W. Stevenson | Democratic | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 18, 1876. Democratic hold. |
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| Louisiana | Joseph R. West | Republican | 1870–71 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 10, 1877. Republican hold. |
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| Maine | James G. Blaine | Republican | 1876 (appointed) | Interim appointee elected January 16, 1877. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. |
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| Massachusetts | George S. Boutwell | Republican | 1873 (special) | Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected in 1877. Republican hold. |
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| Michigan | Thomas W. Ferry | Republican | 1871 | Incumbent re-elected in 1877. |
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| Minnesota | William Windom | Republican | 1870 (appointed) 1871 | Incumbent re-elected in 1877. |
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| Mississippi | James L. Alcorn | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic gain. |
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| Nebraska | Phineas Hitchcock | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected in 1877. Republican hold. |
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| New Hampshire | Aaron H. Cragin | Republican | 1864 1870 | Incumbent retired or lost re-election. New senator elected in 1876. Republican hold. |
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| New Jersey | Frederick T. Frelinghuysen | Republican | 1870–71 | Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected January 24, 1877. Democratic gain. |
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| North Carolina | Matt W. Ransom | Democratic | 1872 (special) | Incumbent re-elected in 1876. |
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| Oregon | James K. Kelly | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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| Rhode Island | Henry B. Anthony | Republican | 1858 1864 1870 | Incumbent re-elected in 1876. |
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| South Carolina | Thomas J. Robertson | Republican | 1868 (readmission) 1870 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1876. Democratic gain. |
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| Tennessee | Henry Cooper | Democratic | 1870–71 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 10, 1877. Democratic hold. |
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| Texas | Morgan C. Hamilton | Republican | 1870 (readmission) 1871 | Incumbent retired. New senator elected May 5, 1876 on third ballot. Democratic gain. |
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| Virginia | John W. Johnston | Democratic | 1870 (readmission) 1871 | Incumbent re-elected in 1877. |
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| West Virginia | Henry G. Davis | Democratic | 1871 | Incumbent re-elected January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot. |
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Elections during the 45th Congress
In these elections, the winners were elected in 1877 after March 4.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Pennsylvania (Class 3) | Simon Cameron | Republican | 1857 1861 (resigned) 1867 1873 | Incumbent resigned March 12, 1877. New senator elected March 20, 1877. Republican hold. |
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| Ohio (Class 3) | John Sherman | Republican | 1861 (special) 1866 1872 | Incumbent resigned March 8, 1877 to become U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. New senator elected March 21, 1877. Republican hold. |
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Alabama
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Arkansas
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Colorado
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Colorado (initial, class 2)
Colorado (initial, class 3)
Colorado (regular)
Connecticut (special)
Delaware
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Georgia
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Illinois
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Iowa
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Kansas
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Kentucky
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Louisiana
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Louisiana (special)
Louisiana (regular)
Maine
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Maine (regular)
Maine (special)
Massachusetts
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Michigan
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Minnesota
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Mississippi
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Nebraska
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New Hampshire
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New Jersey
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North Carolina
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Ohio (special)
Oregon
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Pennsylvania (special)
The special election in Pennsylvania was held March 20, 1877.
Republican Senator Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1867 and was re-elected in 1873. Sen. Cameron resigned on March 12, 1877.
Following the resignation of Simon Cameron, the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 20, 1877, to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy. Former United States Secretary of War J. Donald Cameron, Simon Cameron's son, was elected to complete his father's term, set to expire on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | J. Donald Cameron | 147 | 58.57 | |
| Democratic | Andrew H. Dill | 92 | 36.65 | |
| Democratic | Hiester Clymer | 1 | 0.40 | |
| Democratic | Andrew G. Curtin | 1 | 0.40 | |
| Democratic | John Jackson | 1 | 0.40 | |
| N/A | Not voting | 9 | 3.59 | |
| Totals | 251 | 100.00% | ||
Rhode Island
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South Carolina
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Tennessee
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Tennessee (regular)
Tennessee (special)
Texas
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Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature | ||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent Republican Morgan C. Hamilton did not run for re-election. Since his initial election in 1870, the Democratic Party had taken control of the Texas Legislature, ensuring that a Democrat would replace him. Incumbent governor Richard Coke defeated former Texas Supreme Court justice John Ireland on the third ballot. U.S. Representative John Hancock and former governor Fletcher Stockdale also ran, but they dropped out after the second round of balloting.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Richard Coke | 49 | 40.2% | |
| Democratic | John Ireland | 39 | 32.0% | |
| Democratic | John Hancock | 29 | 23.8% | |
| Democratic | Fletcher Stockdale | 5 | 4.1% | |
| Total votes | 122 | 100.0% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Richard Coke | 68 | 58.1% | ||
| Democratic | John Ireland | 49 | 41.9% | ||
| Total votes | 117 | 100.0% | |||
| Democratic gain from Republican | |||||
Virginia
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West Virginia
West Virginia (special)
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Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature | |||||||||||||||||||||
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First-term Democrat Allen T. Caperton died July 26, 1876, in his second year in office. Fellow-Democrat Samuel Price was appointed August 26, 1876 to continue the term, pending a special election in which he was a candidate. Price lost the election to Democratic congressman Frank Hereford January 26, 1877 on the fourth ballot.
Appointed incumbent Samuel Price and challengers Frank Hereford and Henry S. Walker, three prominent state Democrats, fought for the party's nomination over seven ballots and three sessions, without much movement in any direction. On January 26, with the Democrats unable to make a nomination, legislative Republicans broke the deadlock by throwing their support to Hereford on the floor.
| Candidate | Ballots | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | |
| Frank Hereford | 21 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 21 | 18 | 18 |
| Samuel Price | 20 | 20 | 21 | 19 | 20 | 13 | 16 |
| Henry S. Walker | 17 | 19 | 16 | 19 | 18 | 23 | 17 |
| Scattered | 7 | 8 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 13 |
| Total | 65 | 66 | 64 | 62 | 63 | 60 | 64 |
| Needed to win | 35 | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | House | Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| Democratic | Frank Hereford | 18 | 28.6 | 3 | 13.0 | |
| Democratic | Samuel Price | 15 | 23.8 | 7 | 30.4 | |
| Democratic | Henry S. Walker | 9 | 14.3 | 6 | 26.1 | |
| Republican | John S. Carlile | 15 | 23.8 | 4 | 17.4 | |
| Democratic | Robert F. Dennis | 2 | 3.2 | 3 | 13.0 | |
| Democratic | Ira J. McGinnis | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic | Thomas J. Farnsworth | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic | John B. Hoge | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic | William E. Arnold | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Total | 63 | 100 | 23 | 100 | ||
| Needed to win | 32 | >50 | 12 | >50 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Ballots | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |||
| Democratic | Frank Hereford | 21 | 28 | 25 | 70 | |
| Democratic | Samuel Price | 24 | 23 | 26 | 10 | |
| Democratic | Henry S. Walker | 16 | 12 | 19 | 4 | |
| Democratic | James H. Ferguson | 3 | 15 | 3 | 0 | |
| Democratic | Robert F. Dennis | 6 | 6 | 7 | 1 | |
| Other candidates | 17 | 3 | 7 | 1 | ||
| Total | 87 | 87 | 87 | 86 | ||
| Needed to win | 44 | 44 | 44 | 44 | ||
Hereford resigned from the House January 31, 1877, thereby qualifying for the Senate. He only finished the term and left office in 1881.
West Virginia (regular)
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Needed to win: Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature | ||||||||||||||||
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First-term Democrat Henry G. Davis was re-elected January 26, 1877 on the third ballot.
| Candidate | Ballots | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | |
| Charles J. Faulkner | 22 | 24 | 26 | 23 | 25 | 22 | 22 |
| Henry G. Davis | 22 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 21 | 20 | 22 |
| John Brannon | 2 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 4 |
| Gideon D. Camden | 7 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| John J. Davis | 4 | 5 | 4 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 6 |
| Scattered | 8 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
| Total | 65 | 63 | 63 | 61 | 61 | 64 | 64 |
| Needed to win | 35 | ||||||
| Party | Candidate | House | Senate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| Democratic | Henry G. Davis | 21 | 33.3 | 6 | 26.1 | |
| Democratic | Charles J. Faulkner | 18 | 28.6 | 7 | 30.4 | |
| Democratic | Gideon D. Camden | 3 | 4.8 | 4 | 17.4 | |
| Democratic | John Brannon | 5 | 7.9 | 2 | 8.7 | |
| Democratic | John J. Davis | 10 | 15.9 | 2 | 8.7 | |
| Democratic | Johnson N. Camden | 1 | 1.6 | 2 | 8.7 | |
| Republican | Archibald Campbell | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic | Alpheus F. Haymond | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic | Daniel D. Johnson | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Democratic | Daniel Lamb | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Republican | George Loomis | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | |
| Total | 63 | 100 | 23 | 100 | ||
| Needed to win | 32 | >50 | 12 | >50 | ||
| Party | Candidate | Ballots | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
| Democratic | Henry G. Davis | 24 | 26 | 60 | |
| Democratic | Charles J. Faulkner | 24 | 23 | 19 | |
| Democratic | John Brannon | 11 | 15 | 2 | |
| Democratic | Gideon D. Camden | 5 | 6 | 3 | |
| Democratic | John J. Davis | 15 | 12 | 1 | |
| Other candidates | 8 | 5 | 2 | ||
| Total | 87 | 87 | 87 | ||
| Needed to win | 44 | 44 | 44 | ||
Davis would retire after this second term, in 1883.
See also
- 1876 United States elections
- 1876 United States presidential election
- 1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections
- 44th United States Congress
- 45th United States Congress
Notes
- as Republican Conference Chair
- as Democratic Caucus Chair
- "Eighteen Republicans voted for Garland, of whom five were colored."
References
- "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
- Taft, George S. (1885). Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 - Pages 483 - 512. U.S. Government Publishing Office.
- J. F. Cleveland, etc. (ed.). The Tribune almanac and political register. 1874-78. The Tribune Association. pp. 31–33.
- Journal of the House of Representatives of the Sixteenth General Assembly of the State of Iowa. 1876. pp. 36–37 – via Google books.
- Taylor & Taylor, p. 76, vol. II.
- "CAMERON, Simon, (1799 - 1889)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- "CAMERON, James Donald, (1833 - 1918)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- "U.S. Senate Election - 20 March 1877" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
- Barr, Chester Alwyn Jr. (1971). Reconstruction to Reform. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 27–31. ISBN 0-292-70135-7. LCCN 73-165911.
- "No more caucus. Elected two senators". Wheeling Daily Register. January 27, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
- "Caucus". Wheeling Daily Register. January 23, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
- "Caucus Proceedings". Wheeling Daily Register. January 25, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
- "Caucus Proceedings". Wheeling Daily Register. January 26, 1877 – via NewspaperArchive.
Further reading
- Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
- Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
- Taylor, William Alexander; Taylor, Aubrey Clarence (1899). Ohio statesmen and annals of progress: from the year 1788 to the year 1900. State of Ohio.
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The 1876 77 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states coinciding with Rutherford B Hayes s narrow election as president As these U S Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 senators were chosen by state legislatures Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1876 and 1877 and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock In these elections terms were up for the senators in Class 2 1876 77 United States Senate elections 1874 amp 1875 Dates vary by state And other dates for special elections 1878 amp 1879 26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate with special elections 39 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Henry B Anthony John W Stevenson retired Party Republican Democratic Leader since March 4 1863 March 4 1873 Leader s seat Rhode Island Kentucky Seats before 45 30 Seats won 11 14 Seats after 39 35 Seat change 6 5 Seats up 17 9 Third party Fourth party Party Anti Monopoly Independent Seats before 1 0 Seats won 0 1 Seats after 1 1 Seat change 1 Seats up 0 0Results of the elections Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Independent gainMajority Party before election Republican Elected Majority Party Republican Although the Republican Party maintained their Senate majority the Democratic Party gained five seats Results summarySenate party division 45th Congress 1877 1879 Majority party Republican 39 Minority party Democratic 35 Other parties Anti Monopoly 1 Independent 1 Total seats 76Change in Senate compositionBefore the elections After the November 15 1876 elections in the new state of Colorado D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D28 Retired D27 Retired D26 Ran D25 Ran D24 Ran D23 Ran D22 Ran D21 D20 D19 D29 Retired D30 Retired AM1 R45 Retired R44 Retired R43 Retired R42 Retired R41 Unknown R40 Unknown R39 Unknown Majority R29 Ran R30 Ran R31 Ran R32 Ran R33 Ran R34 Ran R35 Ran R36 Ran R37 Ran R38 Ran R28 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 After the elections D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D28 Hold D27 Hold D26 Hold D25 Re elected D24 Re elected D23 Re elected D22 Re elected D21 D20 D19 D29 Hold D30 Hold D31 Gain D32 Gain D33 Gain D34 Gain D35 Gain I1 Gain AM1 R39 Hold Majority R29 Re elected R30 Re elected R31 Re elected R32 Re elected R33 Re elected R34 Hold R35 Hold R36 Hold R37 Hold R38 Hold R28 R27 R26 R25 R24 R23 R22 R21 R20 R19 R9 R10 R11 R12 R13 R14 R15 R16 R17 R18 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 Key AM Anti Monopoly Party D Democratic I Independent R RepublicanRace summariesSpecial elections during the 44th Congress In these elections the winners were seated during 1876 or in 1877 before March 4 ordered by election date State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Louisiana Class 3 Vacant Senate had declined to seat rival claimants William L McMillen and P B S Pinchback Senator elected January 12 1876 Democratic gain Y James B Eustis Democratic data missing Connecticut Class 3 James E English Democratic 1875 appointed Interim appointee retired when successor elected New senator elected May 17 1876 Democratic hold Y William Barnum Democratic data missing Colorado Class 2 None new state Colorado admitted to the Union August 1 1876 First senator elected November 15 1876 Republican gain Winner was also elected to the next term see below Y Henry M Teller Republican data missing Colorado Class 3 Colorado admitted to the Union August 1 1876 First senator elected November 15 1876 Republican gain Y Jerome B Chaffee Republican data missing Tennessee Class 1 David M Key Democratic 1875 appointed Interim appointee lost special election New senator elected January 19 1877 on the 74th ballot Democratic hold Y James E Bailey Democratic 55 David M Key Democratic 38 Unknown 7 Maine Class 2 James G Blaine Republican 1876 appointed Interim appointee elected January 17 1877 Winner was also elected to the next term see below Y James G Blaine Republican 139 Unknown 33 West Virginia Class 1 Samuel Price Democratic 1876 appointed Interim appointee lost special election New senator elected January 26 1877 on the 5th ballot Democratic hold Y Frank Hereford Democratic 70 Samuel Price Democratic 10 Unknown 4 Unknown 1 Other 1 vote Races leading to the 45th Congress In these regular elections the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4 1877 ordered by state All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Alabama George Goldthwaite Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired New senator elected in 1876 Democratic hold Y John T Morgan Democratic data missing Arkansas Powell Clayton Republican 1870 Incumbent retired New senator elected January 16 1877 Democratic gain Y Augustus Garland Democratic 113 Unknown 8 Colorado Henry M Teller Republican 1876 new state Incumbent re elected in 1876 or 1877 Y Henry M Teller Republican data missing Delaware Eli Saulsbury Democratic 1870 Incumbent re elected in 1876 Y Eli Saulsbury Democratic data missing Georgia Thomas M Norwood Democratic 1871 readmission Incumbent lost re election New senator elected January 26 1877 on the fourth ballot Democratic hold Y Benjamin Harvey Hill Democratic 114 Thomas M Norwood Democratic 85 Herschel V Johnson Democratic 6 James M Smith Democratic 5 Charles J Jenkins Democratic 1 Illinois John A Logan Republican 1870 71 Incumbent lost re election New senator elected January 25 1877 on the fortieth ballot Independent gain Y David Davis Independent 101 Charles B Lawrence Unknown 94 John C Haines Republican 3 John A Logan Republican 1 Other 1 Iowa George G Wright Republican 1870 Incumbent retired New senator elected January 19 1876 Republican hold Y Samuel J Kirkwood Republican 108 Unknown 37 Kansas James M Harvey Republican 1874 special Incumbent lost re election New elected January 31 1877 on the seventeenth ballot Republican hold Y Preston B Plumb Republican 89 David P Lowe Republican 63 John Martin Republican 8 Thomas A Osborn Republican eliminated James M Harvey Republican eliminated Others 3 Kentucky John W Stevenson Democratic Incumbent retired New senator elected January 18 1876 Democratic hold Y James B Beck Democratic 106 William H Wadsworth Republican 14 Preston Unknown 4 J Proctor Knott Democratic 1 Louisiana Joseph R West Republican 1870 71 Incumbent retired New senator elected January 10 1877 Republican hold Y William P Kellogg Republican data missing Maine James G Blaine Republican 1876 appointed Interim appointee elected January 16 1877 Winner also elected to finish the term see above Y James G Blaine Republican 139 Unknown 33 Massachusetts George S Boutwell Republican 1873 special Incumbent lost renomination New senator elected in 1877 Republican hold Y George F Hoar Republican 146 Josiah G Abbott Democratic 62 George S Boutwell Republican 47 Alexander H Rice Republican 19 Alexander H Bullock Republican 1 Julius H Seelye Independent 1 Paul A Chadbourne Republican 1 Michigan Thomas W Ferry Republican 1871 Incumbent re elected in 1877 Y Thomas W Ferry Republican data missing Minnesota William Windom Republican 1870 appointed 1871 Incumbent re elected in 1877 Y William Windom Republican data missing Mississippi James L Alcorn Republican 1870 Incumbent retired or lost re election New senator elected in 1876 Democratic gain Y Lucius Q C Lamar Democratic data missing Nebraska Phineas Hitchcock Republican 1870 Incumbent lost re election New senator elected in 1877 Republican hold Y Alvin Saunders Republican Phineas Hitchcock Republican data missing New Hampshire Aaron H Cragin Republican 1864 1870 Incumbent retired or lost re election New senator elected in 1876 Republican hold Y Edward H Rollins Republican data missing New Jersey Frederick T Frelinghuysen Republican 1870 71 Incumbent lost re election New senator elected January 24 1877 Democratic gain Y John R McPherson Democratic 41 Unknown 18 George M Robeson Republican 11 Frederick T Frelinghuysen Republican 10 William Walter Phelps Republican 1 North Carolina Matt W Ransom Democratic 1872 special Incumbent re elected in 1876 Y Matt W Ransom Democratic data missing Oregon James K Kelly Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y La Fayette Grover Democratic data missing Rhode Island Henry B Anthony Republican 1858 1864 1870 Incumbent re elected in 1876 Y Henry B Anthony Republican data missing South Carolina Thomas J Robertson Republican 1868 readmission 1870 Incumbent retired New senator elected in 1876 Democratic gain Y Matthew Butler Democratic data missing Tennessee Henry Cooper Democratic 1870 71 Incumbent retired New senator elected January 10 1877 Democratic hold Y Isham G Harris Democratic 77 Unknown 19 James D Porter Democratic 1 Horace Harrison Republican 1 Unknown 1 Texas Morgan C Hamilton Republican 1870 readmission 1871 Incumbent retired New senator elected May 5 1876 on third ballot Democratic gain Y Richard Coke Democratic 68 John Ireland Democratic 49 Virginia John W Johnston Democratic 1870 readmission 1871 Incumbent re elected in 1877 Y John W Johnston Democratic data missing West Virginia Henry G Davis Democratic 1871 Incumbent re elected January 26 1877 on the fourth ballot Y Henry G Davis Democratic 60 Charles J Faulkner Democratic 19 Gideon D Camden Democratic 3 Unknown 2 John J Davis Democratic 1 Other 1 Elections during the 45th Congress In these elections the winners were elected in 1877 after March 4 State Incumbent Results Candidates Senator Party Electoral history Pennsylvania Class 3 Simon Cameron Republican 1857 1861 resigned 1867 1873 Incumbent resigned March 12 1877 New senator elected March 20 1877 Republican hold Y J Donald Cameron Republican Democratic Hiester Clymer Democratic Andrew G Curtin Democratic John Jackson Democratic Ohio Class 3 John Sherman Republican 1861 special 1866 1872 Incumbent resigned March 8 1877 to become U S Secretary of the Treasury New senator elected March 21 1877 Republican hold Y Stanley Matthews Republican 82 Unknown 6 Frank H Hurd Democratic 1 Blank 34AlabamaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 ArkansasThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 ColoradoThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Colorado initial class 2 Colorado initial class 3 Colorado regular Connecticut special DelawareThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 GeorgiaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 IllinoisThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 IowaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 KansasThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 KentuckyThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 LouisianaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Louisiana special Louisiana regular MaineThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Maine regular Maine special MassachusettsThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 MichiganThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 MinnesotaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 MississippiThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 NebraskaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 New HampshireThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 New JerseyThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 North CarolinaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Ohio special OregonThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Pennsylvania special The special election in Pennsylvania was held March 20 1877 Republican Senator Simon Cameron had been elected to the United States Senate by the Pennsylvania General Assembly consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate in 1867 and was re elected in 1873 Sen Cameron resigned on March 12 1877 Following the resignation of Simon Cameron the Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on March 20 1877 to elect a new Senator to fill the vacancy Former United States Secretary of War J Donald Cameron Simon Cameron s son was elected to complete his father s term set to expire on March 4 1879 The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows Pennsylvania Results Party Candidate Votes Republican J Donald Cameron 147 58 57 Democratic Andrew H Dill 92 36 65 Democratic Hiester Clymer 1 0 40 Democratic Andrew G Curtin 1 0 40 Democratic John Jackson 1 0 40 N A Not voting 9 3 59 Totals 251 100 00 Rhode IslandThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 South CarolinaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 TennesseeThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 Tennessee regular Tennessee special Texas1876 United States Senate election in Texas 1870 May 3 5 1876 1882 Needed to win Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature Candidate Richard Coke John Ireland Party Democratic Democratic First ballot 49 votes 40 2 39 votes 32 0 Third ballot 68 votes 58 1 49 votes 41 9 U S senator before election Morgan C Hamilton Republican Elected U S Senator Richard Coke Democratic Incumbent Republican Morgan C Hamilton did not run for re election Since his initial election in 1870 the Democratic Party had taken control of the Texas Legislature ensuring that a Democrat would replace him Incumbent governor Richard Coke defeated former Texas Supreme Court justice John Ireland on the third ballot U S Representative John Hancock and former governor Fletcher Stockdale also ran but they dropped out after the second round of balloting 1876 United States Senate election in Texas first ballot Party Candidate Votes Democratic Richard Coke 49 40 2 Democratic John Ireland 39 32 0 Democratic John Hancock 29 23 8 Democratic Fletcher Stockdale 5 4 1 Total votes 122 100 0 1876 United States Senate election in Texas third ballot Party Candidate Votes Democratic Richard Coke 68 58 1 Democratic John Ireland 49 41 9 Total votes 117 100 0 Democratic gain from RepublicanVirginiaThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it January 2021 West VirginiaWest Virginia special 1877 United States Senate special election in West Virginia 1875 January 23 26 1877 1881 Needed to win Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature Candidate Frank Hereford Samuel Price Henry S Walker Party Democratic Democratic Democratic First ballot 21 votes 24 1 24 votes 27 6 16 votes 18 4 Fourth ballot 70 votes 81 4 10 votes 11 6 4 votes 4 7 U S senator before election Samuel Price Democratic Elected U S Senator Frank Hereford Democratic First term Democrat Allen T Caperton died July 26 1876 in his second year in office Fellow Democrat Samuel Price was appointed August 26 1876 to continue the term pending a special election in which he was a candidate Price lost the election to Democratic congressman Frank Hereford January 26 1877 on the fourth ballot Appointed incumbent Samuel Price and challengers Frank Hereford and Henry S Walker three prominent state Democrats fought for the party s nomination over seven ballots and three sessions without much movement in any direction On January 26 with the Democrats unable to make a nomination legislative Republicans broke the deadlock by throwing their support to Hereford on the floor Democratic nomination Candidate Ballots 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Frank Hereford 21 19 18 18 21 18 18 Samuel Price 20 20 21 19 20 13 16 Henry S Walker 17 19 16 19 18 23 17 Scattered 7 8 9 6 4 6 13 Total 65 66 64 62 63 60 64 Needed to win 35 House and Senate balloting Party Candidate House Senate Votes Votes Democratic Frank Hereford 18 28 6 3 13 0 Democratic Samuel Price 15 23 8 7 30 4 Democratic Henry S Walker 9 14 3 6 26 1 Republican John S Carlile 15 23 8 4 17 4 Democratic Robert F Dennis 2 3 2 3 13 0 Democratic Ira J McGinnis 1 1 6 0 0 0 Democratic Thomas J Farnsworth 1 1 6 0 0 0 Democratic John B Hoge 1 1 6 0 0 0 Democratic William E Arnold 1 1 6 0 0 0 Total 63 100 23 100 Needed to win 32 gt 50 12 gt 50 Joint Session balloting Party Candidate Ballots 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Democratic Frank Hereford 21 28 25 70 Democratic Samuel Price 24 23 26 10 Democratic Henry S Walker 16 12 19 4 Democratic James H Ferguson 3 15 3 0 Democratic Robert F Dennis 6 6 7 1 Other candidates 17 3 7 1 Total 87 87 87 86 Needed to win 44 44 44 44 Hereford resigned from the House January 31 1877 thereby qualifying for the Senate He only finished the term and left office in 1881 West Virginia regular 1877 United States Senate election in West Virginia 1871 January 23 26 1877 1883 Needed to win Majority of votes cast jointly by the Legislature Candidate Henry G Davis Charles J Faulkner Party Democratic Democratic First ballot 24 votes 27 6 24 votes 27 6 Third ballot 60 votes 69 0 19 votes 21 8 U S senator before election Henry G Davis Democratic Elected U S Senator Henry G Davis Democratic First term Democrat Henry G Davis was re elected January 26 1877 on the third ballot Democratic nomination Candidate Ballots 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th Charles J Faulkner 22 24 26 23 25 22 22 Henry G Davis 22 21 19 18 21 20 22 John Brannon 2 4 5 4 4 7 4 Gideon D Camden 7 3 4 3 1 4 2 John J Davis 4 5 4 10 8 6 6 Scattered 8 6 5 3 2 5 8 Total 65 63 63 61 61 64 64 Needed to win 35 House and Senate balloting Party Candidate House Senate Votes Votes Democratic Henry G Davis 21 33 3 6 26 1 Democratic Charles J Faulkner 18 28 6 7 30 4 Democratic Gideon D Camden 3 4 8 4 17 4 Democratic John Brannon 5 7 9 2 8 7 Democratic John J Davis 10 15 9 2 8 7 Democratic Johnson N Camden 1 1 6 2 8 7 Republican Archibald Campbell 1 1 6 0 0 0 Democratic Alpheus F Haymond 1 1 6 0 0 0 Democratic Daniel D Johnson 1 1 6 0 0 0 Democratic Daniel Lamb 1 1 6 0 0 0 Republican George Loomis 1 1 6 0 0 0 Total 63 100 23 100 Needed to win 32 gt 50 12 gt 50 Joint Session balloting Party Candidate Ballots 1st 2nd 3rd Democratic Henry G Davis 24 26 60 Democratic Charles J Faulkner 24 23 19 Democratic John Brannon 11 15 2 Democratic Gideon D Camden 5 6 3 Democratic John J Davis 15 12 1 Other candidates 8 5 2 Total 87 87 87 Needed to win 44 44 44 Davis would retire after this second term in 1883 See also1876 United States elections 1876 United States presidential election 1876 77 United States House of Representatives elections 44th United States Congress 45th United States CongressNotesas Republican Conference Chair as Democratic Caucus Chair Eighteen Republicans voted for Garland of whom five were colored References 17th Amendment to the U S Constitution Direct Election of U S Senators 1913 National Archives and Records Administration February 8 2022 Taft George S 1885 Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885 Pages 483 512 U S Government Publishing Office J F Cleveland etc ed The Tribune almanac and political register 1874 78 The Tribune Association pp 31 33 Journal of the House of Representatives of the Sixteenth General Assembly of the State of Iowa 1876 pp 36 37 via Google books Taylor amp Taylor p 76 vol II CAMERON Simon 1799 1889 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved December 22 2013 CAMERON James Donald 1833 1918 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Retrieved December 22 2013 U S Senate Election 20 March 1877 PDF Wilkes University Retrieved December 22 2013 Barr Chester Alwyn Jr 1971 Reconstruction to Reform Austin Texas University of Texas Press pp 27 31 ISBN 0 292 70135 7 LCCN 73 165911 No more caucus Elected two senators Wheeling Daily Register January 27 1877 via NewspaperArchive Caucus Wheeling Daily Register January 23 1877 via NewspaperArchive Caucus Proceedings Wheeling Daily Register January 25 1877 via NewspaperArchive Caucus Proceedings Wheeling Daily Register January 26 1877 via NewspaperArchive Further readingParty Division in the Senate 1789 Present via Senate gov Pennsylvania Election Statistics 1682 2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project Taylor William Alexander Taylor Aubrey Clarence 1899 Ohio statesmen and annals of progress from the year 1788 to the year 1900 State of Ohio