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The 1788–89 United States House of Representatives elections were the first U.S. House of Representatives elections following the adoption of the Constitution of the United States. Each state set its own date for its congressional elections, ranging from November 24, 1788, to March 5, 1789, before or after the first session of the 1st United States Congress convened on March 4, 1789. They coincided with the election of George Washington as the first president of the United States.
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All 59 seats in the United States House of Representatives 30 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||
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  Results: Pro-Administration gain Anti-Administration gain Undistricted territory | |||||||||||||||||||
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With the new form of government needing to be operational prior to the completion of the first national census, Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution set a temporary apportionment of seats. Among the original 13 states, 11 of them ratified the Constitution and elected 59 total representatives. North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the 1st Congress began, and consequently did not elect their representatives until 1790.
Actual political parties did not yet exist, but new members of Congress were informally categorized as either "pro-Administration" (i.e., pro-Washington and pro-Hamilton) or "anti-Administration".
The first session of the first House of Representatives came to order in Federal Hall, New York City on March 4, 1789, with only thirteen members present. The requisite quorum (thirty members out of fifty-nine) was not present until April 1, 1789. The first order of business was the election of a Speaker of the House. On the first ballot, Frederick Muhlenberg was elected Speaker by a majority of votes. The business of the first session was largely devoted to legislative procedure rather than policy.
Election summaries
Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution set a temporary congressional apportionment until the first national census was completed in 1790.
In the 18th and much of the 19th century, each state set its own date for elections. In many years, elections were even held after the legal start of the Congress, although typically before the start of the first session. In the elections for the 1st Congress, five states held elections in 1788, electing a total of 29 Representatives, and six held elections in 1789, electing a total of 30 Representatives. Two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, did not ratify the Constitution until November 21, 1789 and May 29, 1790 respectively, well after the Congress had met for the first time, and, consequently, elected representatives late, in 1790, leaving North Carolina unrepresented in the 1st session and Rhode Island in the 1st and 2nd sessions of a total of 3 sessions.
| State | Type | Date ↑ | Total seats | Anti- Administration | Pro- Administration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General elections | |||||
| South Carolina | Districts | November 24–25, 1788 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Pennsylvania | At-large | November 26, 1788 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
| New Hampshire | At-large | December 15, 1788 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Massachusetts | Districts | December 18, 1788 | 8 | 2 | 6 |
| Connecticut | At-large | December 22, 1788 | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| Delaware | At-large | January 7, 1789 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Maryland | At-large / Districts | January 7–11, 1789 | 6 | 4 | 2 |
| Virginia | Districts | February 2, 1789 | 10 | 7 | 3 |
| Georgia | At-large / Districts | February 9, 1789 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| New Jersey | At-large | February 11, 1789 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| New York | Districts | March 3–5, 1789 | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Late elections | |||||
| North Carolina | Districts | February 1790 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Rhode Island | At-large | August 31, 1790 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 65 | 28 43.1% | 37 56.9% | ||
House composition
Beginning of the 1st Congress
| A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | |
| A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
| A | A | A | A | A | A | P | P | P | P |
| Majority → | P | ||||||||
| P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
| P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
| P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | |
End of the 1st Congress (1791)
Six seats were filled late because North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late. One pro-Administration representative resigned and the seat remained open at the end of the Congress.
| A | A | ||||||||
| A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
| A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A | A |
| A | A | A | A | A | A | V | P | P | P |
| Majority → | P | ||||||||
| P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
| P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
| P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
| P | P | ||||||||
| Key: |
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Special election
This was the first special election to the United States House of Representatives.
| District | Incumbent | This race | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
| New Hampshire at-large | Benjamin West | Pro-Administration | 1788/89 | Member-elect (see below) chose not to serve. New member elected June 22, 1789. Pro-Administration hold. |
|
Connecticut
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Connecticut at-large 5 seats on a general ticket | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. |
Delaware
Delaware had a single representative. The election was held January 7, 1789. Under the law at the time, each voter cast two votes for representative, at least one of whom had to be from a different county.
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Delaware at-large | Pro-Administration win. |
|
Georgia
Georgia had a mixed at-large/district system for the 1st Congress. Representatives were elected at-large, but for three district-based seats.
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Georgia 1 "Lower district" | Anti-Administration win. |
Others
|
| Georgia 2 "Middle district" | Anti-Administration win. |
Others
|
| Georgia 3 "Upper district" | Anti-Administration win. |
Others
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Maryland
Maryland had a mixed district/at-large system similar to Georgia's. Under Maryland law, "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Maryland 1 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Maryland 2 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Maryland 3 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Maryland 4 | Anti-Administration win. |
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| Maryland 5 | Pro-Administration win. |
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| Maryland 6 | Pro-Administration win. |
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Massachusetts
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pro-Administration | 6 elected | 6,232 | 54.4 | |
| Anti-Administration | 2 elected | 5,228 | 45.6 | |
Massachusetts required a majority vote, necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority. This was necessary in 4 of the districts.
In the fourth district,
The first election in the district was in part a reflection of the rivalry between Hampshire and Berkshire counties. Berkshire was the less populous county, but four of the six candidates who received the most votes - Theodore Sedgwick, William Whiting, Thompson J. Skinner, and William Williams - were residents of the county. The two Hampshire candidates were Samuel Lyman and John Worthington. The first election did not reflect the fact that the two counties were centers of agrarian discontent and of support for Shays's Rebellion. Nor did it reflect the fact that in the state Convention the Hampshire delegates voted 32 to 19 and the Berkshire delegates voted 16 to 6 against ratification of the Constitution. Only Whiting was regarded as a Shaysite and an Anti-Federalist, while the other five men were Federalists - and two of these - Worthington and Williams - had been virtual if not actual Loyalists during the Revolution. The issue of amendments to the Constitution was not raised during the first election in the district, but it became so important in the ensuing elections that Theodore Sedgwick, who opposed amendments, publicly promised to support them before the fifth election, which he won.
— The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790. Vol. I. p. 603.
In the fifth district,
The only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress, as he had done in 1779-1782 and 1783-1785. He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election. Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor. In the first, which he apparently did not send, he refused the appointment. He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff (12, 20 January, 23 February). The issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states. On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard, judge of probate in Bristol County, who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol-Dukes-Nantucket District. The Council replied in writing the same day that it was 'inexpedient' for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress, but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress. The Council advised, however, that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge 'may at present be indulged' and take a seat in Congress 'consistently with the safety of that county' (Council Proceedings, Thursday 12 February, M-Ar). The next day Governor Hancock sent the Council's written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice (13 February, Miscellaneous Legislative Documents, House Files, M-Ar). The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday, 16 February. The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress, any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County. But the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge. It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor, and (with the advice of his Council) were removable by him at any time. Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate. Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was 'neither necessary or proper; and from the conduct and advice of your Council, they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision' (House and Senate Proceedings, 13, 14, 16 February).
— The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790. Vol. I. pp. 575–76.
In the eighth district,
It was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning. The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout, Timothy Paine, and Artemas Ward. Grout, a local leader during the Revolution, had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature. Paine, a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution, had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774. Unlike most 'mandamus councillors,' he did not become a Loyalist. By 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester. Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord, he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in July 1775. The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics. The past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election.
...
AS in the two previous election, the two Worcester newspapers, with one exception, printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March. The exception consisted of two items (one of which supported Timothy Paine) in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February. Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles. Two of them supported Jonathan Grout, one supported Artemas Ward, one backed Timothy Paine, and the fifth did not mention any names. On the same day the American Herald published four items. One supported Grout, one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor, and the other two items urged that he be elected. The issue of Paine's appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle, 12 February, and not by the Worcester newspapers. Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers, there was a considerable increase of interest, for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788: from 1,886 to 3,484. Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority. Artemas Ward, who ran a poor third in each of the three elections, finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791. Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789.— The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections: 1788-1790. Vol. I. pp. 601, 676.
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts 1 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Massachusetts 2 | Pro-Administration win. | First ballot (December 18, 1788)
|
| Massachusetts 3 | Anti-Administration win. | First ballot (December 18, 1788)
|
| Massachusetts 4 | Pro-Administration win. | First ballot (December 18, 1788)
Second ballot (January 29, 1789)
Third ballot (March 2, 1789)
Fourth ballot (March 30, 1789)
|
| Massachusetts 5 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Massachusetts 6 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Massachusetts 7 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Massachusetts 8 | Anti-Administration win. | First ballot (December 18, 1788)
Second ballot (January 29, 1789)
|
New Hampshire
New Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters (16.7% of votes). No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot, so a second ballot was held February 2, 1789.
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| New Hampshire at-large 3 seats on a general ticket | Pro-Administration win. West winner chose not to serve before the start of the Congress. A special election was held June 22, 1789; see above. | First ballot (December 15, 1788)
|
| Anti-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. |
New Jersey
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| New Jersey at-large 4 seats on a general ticket | Pro-Administration win. |
Others 3.28% (2,281 votes)
|
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. |
The election of all four representatives was contested, but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812. It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure. All four representatives' elections were ruled valid.
New York
New York held elections to the 1st Congress on March 3 and 4, 1789. At the time, districts were unnumbered. They are retroactively numbered in this section.
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| New York 1 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| New York 2 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| New York 3 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| New York 4 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| New York 5 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| New York 6 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
North Carolina
North Carolina ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania held elections to the 1st Congress on November 26, 1788. For this first election (and again in 1792 election for the 3rd Congress), Pennsylvania chose to elect all of its representatives on a single statewide general ticket, an attempt by the pro-Administration-majority legislature to prevent anti-Administration candidates from winning seats.
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Pennsylvania at-large 8 seats on a general ticket | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Pro-Administration win. | ||
| Anti-Administration win. | ||
| Anti-Administration win. |
Rhode Island
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790.
South Carolina
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| South Carolina 1 "Charleston Division" | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| South Carolina 2 "Beaufort Division" | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| South Carolina 3 "Georgetown Division" | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| South Carolina 4 "Camden Division" | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| South Carolina 5 "Ninety-Six Division" | Anti-Administration win. |
|
In the 1st district, William L. Smith (Pro-Administration)'s election was contested by David Ramsay (Pro-Administration) who claimed that Smith had not been a citizen for the required 7 years at the time of his election, the House Committee on Elections ruled in Smith's favor
Virginia
| District | Result | Candidates |
|---|---|---|
| Virginia 1 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 2 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 3 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 4 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 5 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 6 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 7 | Anti-Administration win. |
|
| Virginia 8 | Anti-Administration win. |
Others 0.25% (5 votes)
|
| Virginia 9 | Anti-Administration win. |
Others
|
| Virginia 10 | Pro-Administration win. |
|
See also
- 1788–89 United States elections
- List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)
- 1788–89 United States Senate elections
- 1788–89 United States presidential election
- 1st United States Congress
Notes
- Not including the six seats were added by North Carolina and Rhode Island after the start of this Congress.
- Includes late elections: North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution after the 1st Congress had started to meet, and did not hold their elections for U.S. representatives until February and August 1790, respectively.
- New Hampshire had a majority vote requirement for election. No representatives were elected in the general election and three were returned at a subsequent trial held February 2, 1789.
- Massachusetts had a majority vote requirement for election. Four representatives were elected in the general election and four in subsequent trials, a total of 5 trials had to be held between January 29, 1789 and May 11, 1789.
- Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.
- Georgia had three representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.
- Party affiliation not available
- Source does not give numbers of votes.
- Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed.
- Unclear whether these votes were for Aaron Kitchell or Abraham Kitchell.
References
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- "Our Campaigns - NH At-Large - Special Race - Jun 22, 1789". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 6, 2019.
- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 - Delaware 1789 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
- "A New Nation Votes".
- "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825 - Maryland 1789 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- "A New Nation Votes". elections.lib.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
- "First Congress March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791 [membership roster]" (PDF). artandhistory.house.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 5, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- DenBoer, Gordon, ed. (1986). The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790. Vol. III. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 512. ISBN 9780299106508.
- "1st Congress 1789-1791 At Large Election" (PDF). Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project. January 16, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- "A New Nation Votes".
- "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
Bibliography
- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
- Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019). "Mapping Early American Elections". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved 2024-09-06.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
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The 1788 89 United States House of Representatives elections were the first U S House of Representatives elections following the adoption of the Constitution of the United States Each state set its own date for its congressional elections ranging from November 24 1788 to March 5 1789 before or after the first session of the 1st United States Congress convened on March 4 1789 They coincided with the election of George Washington as the first president of the United States 1788 89 United States House of Representatives electionsNovember 24 1788 March 5 1789 1790 amp 1791 elected members All 59 seats in the United States House of Representatives 30 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Frederick Muhlenberg James Madison Party Pro Administration Anti Administration Leader s seat Pennsylvania at large Virginia 5th Seats won 37 28Results by factionResults by if the elected member had been a Federalist or Anti FederalistResults Pro Administration gain Anti Administration gain Undistricted territorySpeaker before election None This was the first U S House of Representatives election Elected Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg Pro Administration With the new form of government needing to be operational prior to the completion of the first national census Article I Section 2 Clause 3 of the U S Constitution set a temporary apportionment of seats Among the original 13 states 11 of them ratified the Constitution and elected 59 total representatives North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until after the 1st Congress began and consequently did not elect their representatives until 1790 Actual political parties did not yet exist but new members of Congress were informally categorized as either pro Administration i e pro Washington and pro Hamilton or anti Administration The first session of the first House of Representatives came to order in Federal Hall New York City on March 4 1789 with only thirteen members present The requisite quorum thirty members out of fifty nine was not present until April 1 1789 The first order of business was the election of a Speaker of the House On the first ballot Frederick Muhlenberg was elected Speaker by a majority of votes The business of the first session was largely devoted to legislative procedure rather than policy Election summariesArticle I Section 2 Clause 3 of the U S Constitution set a temporary congressional apportionment until the first national census was completed in 1790 In the 18th and much of the 19th century each state set its own date for elections In many years elections were even held after the legal start of the Congress although typically before the start of the first session In the elections for the 1st Congress five states held elections in 1788 electing a total of 29 Representatives and six held elections in 1789 electing a total of 30 Representatives Two states North Carolina and Rhode Island did not ratify the Constitution until November 21 1789 and May 29 1790 respectively well after the Congress had met for the first time and consequently elected representatives late in 1790 leaving North Carolina unrepresented in the 1st session and Rhode Island in the 1st and 2nd sessions of a total of 3 sessions State Type Date Total seats Anti Administration Pro Administration General elections South Carolina Districts November 24 25 1788 5 3 2 Pennsylvania At large November 26 1788 8 2 6 New Hampshire At large December 15 1788 3 1 2 Massachusetts Districts December 18 1788 8 2 6 Connecticut At large December 22 1788 5 0 5 Delaware At large January 7 1789 1 0 1 Maryland At large Districts January 7 11 1789 6 4 2 Virginia Districts February 2 1789 10 7 3 Georgia At large Districts February 9 1789 3 3 0 New Jersey At large February 11 1789 4 0 4 New York Districts March 3 5 1789 6 3 3 Late elections North Carolina Districts February 1790 5 3 2 Rhode Island At large August 31 1790 1 0 1 Total 65 28 43 1 37 56 9 House seats Pro Admin 56 92 Anti Admin 43 08 House compositionBeginning of the 1st Congress A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A P P P P Majority P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P End of the 1st Congress 1791 Six seats were filled late because North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution late One pro Administration representative resigned and the seat remained open at the end of the Congress A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A V P P P Majority P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Key A Anti Administration P Pro Administration V VacantSpecial electionThis was the first special election to the United States House of Representatives District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Hampshire at large Benjamin West Pro Administration 1788 89 Member elect see below chose not to serve New member elected June 22 1789 Pro Administration hold Y Abiel Foster Pro Admin 1 804 votes 58 3 John S Sherburne Anti Admin 538 votes 17 4 James Sheate Unknown 190 votes 6 1 Elisha Payne Unknown 139 votes 4 5 Joshua Atherton Unknown 112 votes 3 6 Nathaniel Peabody Unknown 86 votes 2 9 Simeon Olcott Pro Admin 76 votes 2 5 ConnecticutDistrict Result Candidates Connecticut at large 5 seats on a general ticket Pro Administration win Y Benjamin Huntington Pro Admin Y Roger Sherman Pro Admin Y Jonathan Sturges Pro Admin Y Jonathan Trumbull Jr Pro Admin Y Jeremiah Wadsworth Pro Admin John Chester Unknown Jesse Root Unknown Jedediah Strong Unknown Erastus Wolcott Unknown James Hillhouse Pro Admin John Treadwell Unknown Stephen Mix Mitchell Pro Admin Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Pro Administration win DelawareDelaware had a single representative The election was held January 7 1789 Under the law at the time each voter cast two votes for representative at least one of whom had to be from a different county District Result Candidates Delaware at large Pro Administration win Y John Vining Pro Admin 898 votes 43 6 Anti Admin 491 votes 23 9 Gunning Bedford Jr Unknown 308 votes 15 0 Joshua Clayton Pro Admin 272 votes 13 2 Unknown 90 votes 4 4 GeorgiaGeorgia had a mixed at large district system for the 1st Congress Representatives were elected at large but for three district based seats District Result Candidates Georgia 1 Lower district Anti Administration win Y James Jackson Anti Admin 50 89 604 votes William Houstoun Unknown 33 61 399 votes Henry Osborne Unknown 14 49 172 votes Others James Seagrove Unknown 0 59 7 votes Others 0 42 5 votes Georgia 2 Middle district Anti Administration win Y Abraham Baldwin Anti Admin 69 19 1 096 votes Henry Osborne Unknown 15 21 241 votes Unknown 10 42 165 votes Isaac Briggs Unknown 2 65 42 votes Others William Houstoun Unknown 1 45 23 votes James Jackson Unknown 0 57 9 votes Others 0 51 8 votes Georgia 3 Upper district Anti Administration win Y George Mathews Anti Admin 96 26 1 158 votes Henry Osborne Unknown 2 00 24 votes Others Anthony Wayne Unknown 0 67 8 votes Unknown 0 42 5 votes Others 0 67 8 votes MarylandMaryland had a mixed district at large system similar to Georgia s Under Maryland law candidates were elected at large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district District Result Candidates Maryland 1 Anti Administration win Y Michael J Stone Anti Admin 65 36 5 154 votes George Dent Pro Admin 34 64 2 731 votes Maryland 2 Anti Administration win Y Joshua Seney Anti Admin 100 7 616 votes Maryland 3 Anti Administration win Y Benjamin Contee Anti Admin 70 07 5 476 votes John F Mercer Anti Admin 29 93 2 339 votes Maryland 4 Anti Administration win Y William Smith Anti Admin 69 08 5 415 votes Samuel Sterett Anti Admin 30 92 2 424 votes Maryland 5 Pro Administration win Y George Gale Pro Admin 70 74 5 456 votes John Done Anti Admin 23 75 1 832 votes William V Murray Pro Admin 5 51 425 votes Maryland 6 Pro Administration win Y Daniel Carroll Pro Admin 74 77 5 819 votes Anti Admin 25 23 1 964 votes MassachusettsMassachusetts House Elections December 18 1788 May 11 1789 Party Candidate Votes Pro Administration 6 elected 6 232 54 4 Anti Administration 2 elected 5 228 45 6 Massachusetts required a majority vote necessitating additional votes if no one won a majority This was necessary in 4 of the districts In the fourth district The first election in the district was in part a reflection of the rivalry between Hampshire and Berkshire counties Berkshire was the less populous county but four of the six candidates who received the most votes Theodore Sedgwick William Whiting Thompson J Skinner and William Williams were residents of the county The two Hampshire candidates were Samuel Lyman and John Worthington The first election did not reflect the fact that the two counties were centers of agrarian discontent and of support for Shays s Rebellion Nor did it reflect the fact that in the state Convention the Hampshire delegates voted 32 to 19 and the Berkshire delegates voted 16 to 6 against ratification of the Constitution Only Whiting was regarded as a Shaysite and an Anti Federalist while the other five men were Federalists and two of these Worthington and Williams had been virtual if not actual Loyalists during the Revolution The issue of amendments to the Constitution was not raised during the first election in the district but it became so important in the ensuing elections that Theodore Sedgwick who opposed amendments publicly promised to support them before the fifth election which he won The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections 1788 1790 Vol I p 603 In the fifth district The only problem was whether Partridge could retain his post of sheriff of Plymouth County and accept a seat in Congress as he had done in 1779 1782 and 1783 1785 He received a certificate from Governor Hancock on 10 January notifying him of his election Partridge wrote three letters to the Governor In the first which he apparently did not send he refused the appointment He accepted in the two following letters but explained that he would not take the seat if he had to give up his post as sheriff 12 20 January 23 February The issue of whether or not a state officeholder could retain a state post and still serve in Congress had been and would be raised in other states On 12 February Governor Hancock asked his Council for advice about Partridge and about George Leonard judge of probate in Bristol County who had been elected to Congress from the Bristol Dukes Nantucket District The Council replied in writing the same day that it was inexpedient for a man to hold the office of judge of probate and a seat in Congress but that it did not find anything in the state constitution which prevented a sheriff from also being a member of Congress The Council advised however that it would be inexpedient to introduce the practice of sheriffs being absent for long periods although Partridge may at present be indulged and take a seat in Congress consistently with the safety of that county Council Proceedings Thursday 12 February M Ar The next day Governor Hancock sent the Council s written reply to the legislature and asked for its advice 13 February Miscellaneous Legislative Documents House Files M Ar The two houses appointed a joint committee which wrote a report that was approved and sent to the Governor on Monday 16 February The legislature declared that if George Leonard continued to hold the office of judge of probate and also took a seat on Congress any future legislature would address the Governor authorizing him and the Council to appoint another person judge of probate in Bristol County But the legislature refused to give advice about George Partridge It pointed out that sheriffs served during the pleasure of the governor and with the advice of his Council were removable by him at any time Sheriffs were not removable in any other way except through impeachment by the House and a trial before and conviction by the Senate Therefore the House and Senate declared that intervention by the legislature was neither necessary or proper and from the conduct and advice of your Council they see no reason to doubt the wisdom of that constitutional provision House and Senate Proceedings 13 14 16 February The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections 1788 1790 Vol I pp 575 76 In the eighth district It was evident before the elections were completed in Worcester District that a candidate who did not support amendments to the Constitution had no chance of winning The three leading candidates in the three Worcester District elections were Jonathan Grout Timothy Paine and Artemas Ward Grout a local leader during the Revolution had voted against ratification of the Constitution and in 1788 was a member of the legislature Paine a prominent officeholder in the county for two decades before the Revolution had been appointed to the Royal Council in 1774 Unlike most mandamus councillors he did not become a Loyalist By 1788 he had regained much of his influence in the town of Worcester Ward had been appointed commanding general of Massachusetts troops after Lexington and Concord he remained in charge until George Washington was appointed commander in chief of the Continental Army in July 1775 The popular Ward resigned his commission in April 1776 and returned to state politics The past records of these three men did not become a public issue until shortly before the third and final election AS in the two previous election the two Worcester newspapers with one exception printed nothing until their last issues before the election on 2 March The exception consisted of two items one of which supported Timothy Paine in the Massachusetts Spy on 19 February Then on 26 February the Massachusetts Spy published five articles Two of them supported Jonathan Grout one supported Artemas Ward one backed Timothy Paine and the fifth did not mention any names On the same day the American Herald published four items One supported Grout one opposed Paine because he had been a mandamus councillor and the other two items urged that he be elected The issue of Paine s appointment as a mandamus councillor by the British government in 1774 had been brought up for the first time by the Boston Independent Chronicle 12 February and not by the Worcester newspapers Despite the ambivalence of the newspapers there was a considerable increase of interest for the vote almost doubled over the first election on 18 December 1788 from 1 886 to 3 484 Grout was elected Representative by a decisive majority Artemas Ward who ran a poor third in each of the three elections finally defeated Grout in the election to the second Congress in 1791 Paine was elected to the state House of Representatives in 1789 The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections 1788 1790 Vol I pp 601 676 District Result Candidates Massachusetts 1 Pro Administration win Y Fisher Ames Pro Admin 818 votes 50 7 Samuel Adams Anti Admin 521 votes 32 3 Samuel A Otis Unknown 70 votes 4 3 Unknown 45 votes 2 8 Unknown 43 votes 2 7 John Adams Pro Admin 30 votes 1 9 Others 86 votes 5 3 Massachusetts 2 Pro Administration win First ballot December 18 1788 Benjamin Goodhue Pro Admin 567 votes 38 6 Jonathan Jackson Pro Admin 392 votes 26 6 295 votes 20 1 Samuel Holten 202 votes 13 8 Scattering 13 votes Second ballot January 29 1789 Y Benjamin Goodhue Pro Admin 1 491 votes 67 0 Jonathan Jackson Pro Admin 724 votes 33 0 Scattering 7 votes Massachusetts 3 Anti Administration win First ballot December 18 1788 Nathaniel Gorham Unknown 536 votes 36 4 Elbridge Gerry Anti Admin 384 votes 26 1 Joseph Bradley Varnum Anti Admin 254 votes 17 2 John Brooks Pro Admin 106 votes 7 2 James Winthrop Unknown 50 votes 3 4 Loammi Baldwin Unknown 43 votes 2 9 Scattering 100 votes 4 4 Second ballot January 29 1789 Y Elbridge Gerry Anti Admin 1 140 votes 61 1 Joseph Bradley Varnum Anti Admin 366 votes 19 6 Pro Admin 205 votes 11 0 James Winthrop Anti Admin 82 votes 4 4 Unknown 52 votes 2 8 Others 22 votes 1 2 Massachusetts 4 Pro Administration win First ballot December 18 1788 Theodore Sedgwick Pro Admin 835 votes 35 6 Samuel Lyman Pro Admin 330 votes 14 7 William Whiting Unknown 302 votes 13 4 Thomson J Skinner Anti Admin 256 votes 10 4 William Williams Unknown 181 votes 8 7 Unknown 178 votes 7 3 John Bacon Unknown 93 votes 4 1 Second ballot January 29 1789 Samuel Lyman Pro Admin 718 votes 31 0 Theodore Sedgwick Pro Admin 736 votes 31 7 William Whiting Unknown 578 votes 24 9 Thomson J Skinner Anti Admin 248 votes 10 7 John Bacon Anti Admin 39 votes 1 7 Third ballot March 2 1789 Samuel Lyman Pro Admin 1 847 votes 32 9 Theodore Sedgwick Pro Admin 1 523 votes 30 6 William Whiting Unknown 1 109 votes 22 9 Thomson J Skinner Anti Admin 648 votes 12 8 Fourth ballot March 30 1789 Theodore Sedgwick Pro Admin 1 649 votes 47 0 Samuel Lyman Pro Admin 1 382 votes 39 3 William Whiting Unknown 468 votes 11 7 Scattering 64 votes Fifth ballot May 11 1789 Y Theodore Sedgwick Pro Admin 2 155 votes 50 2 Samuel Lyman Pro Admin 2 138 votes 47 8 John Bacon Unknown 67 votes 1 3 Scattering 27 votes Massachusetts 5 Pro Administration win Y George Partridge Pro Admin 501 votes 90 4 Others 53 votes 9 6 Massachusetts 6 Pro Administration win Y George Thatcher Pro Admin 588 votes 62 1 Unknown 182 votes 19 2 Unknown 73 votes 7 7 Scattering 105 votes Massachusetts 7 Pro Administration win Y George Leonard Pro Admin 710 votes 54 0 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 342 votes 26 0 David Cobb Pro Admin 241 votes 18 3 Scattering 23 votes Massachusetts 8 Anti Administration win First ballot December 18 1788 Jonathan Grout Anti Admin 665 votes 35 3 Timothy Paine Unknown 561 votes 29 8 Artemas Ward Pro Admin 284 votes 15 1 Moses Gill Unknown 110 votes 5 8 Unknown 71 votes 3 8 Unknown 63 votes 3 3 Others 132 votes 4 9 Second ballot January 29 1789 Pro Admin 1 040 votes 45 4 Jonathan Grout Unknown 990 votes 42 1 Artemas Ward Pro Admin 258 votes 11 3 Others 27 votes 1 2 Third ballot March 2 1789 Y Jonathan Grout Anti Admin 1 968 votes 55 7 Unknown 1 312 votes 37 1 Artemas Ward Pro Admin 256 votes 7 2 Scattering 18 votesNew HampshireNew Hampshire law required a winning candidate to receive votes from a majority of voters 16 7 of votes No candidate won such a majority on the first ballot so a second ballot was held February 2 1789 District Result Candidates New Hampshire at large 3 seats on a general ticket Pro Administration win West winner chose not to serve before the start of the Congress A special election was held June 22 1789 see above First ballot December 15 1788 Benjamin West Pro Admin 15 4 Samuel Livermore Anti Admin 14 6 Paine Wingate Pro Admin 13 4 Abiel Foster Pro Admin 8 0 John Sullivan Pro Admin 7 1 Nicholas Gilman Pro Admin 5 6 Joshua Atherton Unknown 5 2 Nathaniel Peabody Unknown 5 1 Unknown 4 4 Unknown 3 4 Others 17 9 Second ballot February 2 1789 Y Benjamin West Pro Admin 33 0 Y Samuel Livermore Anti Admin 26 2 Y Nicholas Gilman Pro Admin 19 5 Abiel Foster Pro Admin 19 5 John Sullivan Pro Admin 1 9 Anti Administration win Pro Administration win New JerseyDistrict Result Candidates New Jersey at large 4 seats on a general ticket Pro Administration win Y James Schureman Pro Admin 19 93 13 871 votes Y Elias Boudinot Pro Admin 13 00 9 051 votes Y Lambert Cadwalader Pro Admin 12 50 8 702 votes Y Thomas Sinnickson Pro Admin 12 02 8 364 votes Abraham Clark Pro Admin 10 47 7 287 votes Jonathan Dayton Pro Admin 9 86 6 859 votes Unknown 3 68 2 562 votes Unknown 3 41 2 375 votes Benjamin Van Cleve Unknown 2 85 1 983 votes James Parker Anti Admin 2 48 1 724 votes John Witherspoon Unknown 2 46 1 711 votes Thomas Henderson Pro Admin 1 66 1 156 votes Robert L Hooper Unknown 1 39 964 votes Josiah Hornblower Unknown 1 02 708 votes Others 3 28 2 281 votes James Linn Unknown 0 740 515 votes Aaron Kitchell Unknown 0 569 396 votes John Stevens Jr Unknown 0 371 258 votes William Winds Unknown 0 330 230 votes John Stevens Unknown 0 264 184 votes John Fell Unknown 0 197 137 votes Silas Condit Unknown 0 154 107 votes Henry Stites Unknown 0 099 69 votes Robert Ogden Unknown 0 093 65 votes Charles Stewart Unknown 0 092 64 votes Alex MacWhorter Unknown 0 075 52 votes Benjamin Thompson Unknown 0 060 42 votes Abraham Kitchell Unknown 0 046 32 votes Kitchell Unknown 0 033 23 votes Joseph Sheppard Unknown 0 029 20 votes John Rutherford sic Unknown 0 026 18 votes William Woodhull Unknown 0 022 15 votes Abraham Ogden Unknown 0 020 14 votes Frederick Frelinghuysen Pro Administration 0 013 9 votes Samuel Tuthill Unknown 0 013 9 votes Jacob Hardenburgh sic Unknown 0 010 7 votes Thomas Fenimore Unknown 0 009 6 votes Hugh Hughes Unknown 0 004 3 votes John Armstrong Unknown 0 001 1 vote Patrick Dennis Unknown 0 001 1 vote John Mehelm Unknown 0 001 1 vote John Neilson Pro Administration 0 001 1 vote Samuel Smith Pro Administration 0 001 1 vote Mark Thompson sic Unknown 0 001 1 vote Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Pro Administration win The election of all four representatives was contested but the records that explained the precise grounds on which the election was contested have been lost due to the burning of Washington in the War of 1812 It is known to have related to questions of regularity and procedure All four representatives elections were ruled valid New YorkNew York held elections to the 1st Congress on March 3 and 4 1789 At the time districts were unnumbered They are retroactively numbered in this section District Result Candidates New York 1 Anti Administration win Y William Floyd Anti Admin 100 894 votes New York 2 Pro Administration win Y John Laurance Pro Administration 86 26 2 542 votes John Broome Anti Administration 12 62 372 votes Philip Pell Anti Admin 1 12 33 votes New York 3 Pro Administration win Y Egbert Benson Pro Admin 50 43 584 votes Theodorus Bailey Anti Admin 49 57 574 votes New York 4 Anti Administration win Y John Hathorn Anti Admin 100 New York 5 Pro Administration win Y Peter Silvester Pro Admin 51 21 1 628 votes Anti Admin 47 22 1 501 votes John Williams Unknown 1 57 50 votes New York 6 Anti Administration win Y Jeremiah Van Rensselaer Anti Admin 54 51 1 456 votes Abraham Ten Broeck Pro Admin 45 49 1 215 votes North CarolinaNorth Carolina ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790 PennsylvaniaPennsylvania held elections to the 1st Congress on November 26 1788 For this first election and again in 1792 election for the 3rd Congress Pennsylvania chose to elect all of its representatives on a single statewide general ticket an attempt by the pro Administration majority legislature to prevent anti Administration candidates from winning seats District Result Candidates Pennsylvania at large 8 seats on a general ticket Pro Administration win Y Frederick Muhlenberg Pro Admin 7 49 8 726 votes Y Henry Wynkoop Pro Admin 7 09 8 280 votes Y Thomas Hartley Pro Admin 7 02 8 191 votes Y George Clymer Pro Admin 6 94 8 116 votes Y Thomas Fitzsimons Pro Admin 6 94 8 116 votes Y Thomas Scott Pro Admin 6 92 8 096 votes Y Peter Muhlenberg Anti Admin 6 38 7 465 votes Y Daniel Hiester Anti Admin 6 37 7 455 votes John Allison Pro Admin 6 08 7 098 votes Stephen Chambers Pro Admin 6 06 7 080 votes William Findley Anti Admin 5 66 6 638 votes William Irvine Anti Admin 5 58 6 546 votes Charles Pettit Anti Admin 5 57 6 537 votes William Montgomery Anti Admin 5 46 6 409 votes Blair McClenachan Anti Admin 5 35 6 277 votes Robert Whitehall sic Anti Admin 5 03 5 908 votes Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Pro Administration win Anti Administration win Anti Administration win Rhode IslandRhode Island ratified the Constitution late and thus elected representatives to the 1st Congress in 1790 South CarolinaDistrict Result Candidates South Carolina 1 Charleston Division Pro Administration win Y William L Smith Pro Admin 50 98 600 votes Alexander Gillon Anti Admin 32 80 386 votes David Ramsay Pro Admin 16 23 191 votes South Carolina 2 Beaufort Division Anti Administration win Y Aedanus Burke Anti Admin 99 3 South Carolina 3 Georgetown Division Pro Administration win Y Daniel Huger Pro Admin 75 0 Unknown 25 0 South Carolina 4 Camden Division Anti Administration win Y Thomas Sumter Anti Admin 100 0 South Carolina 5 Ninety Six Division Anti Administration win Y Thomas Tudor Tucker Anti Admin 100 In the 1st district William L Smith Pro Administration s election was contested by David Ramsay Pro Administration who claimed that Smith had not been a citizen for the required 7 years at the time of his election the House Committee on Elections ruled in Smith s favorVirginiaDistrict Result Candidates Virginia 1 Pro Administration win Y Alexander White Pro Admin 100 Virginia 2 Anti Administration win Y John Brown Anti Admin 100 Virginia 3 Anti Administration win Y Andrew Moore Anti Admin George Hancock Pro Admin Virginia 4 Pro Administration win Y Richard Bland Lee Pro Admin 68 5 John Pope Unknown 31 5 Virginia 5 Anti Administration win Y James Madison Anti Admin 57 37 1 308 votes James Monroe Anti Admin 42 63 972 votes Virginia 6 Anti Administration win Y Isaac Coles Anti Admin Virginia 7 Anti Administration win Y John Page Anti Admin Spencer Roane Unknown Meriwether Smith Unknown Arthur Lee Unknown Francis Corbin Unknown Virginia 8 Anti Administration win Y Josiah Parker Anti Admin 48 03 976 votes Thomas Mathews Pro Admin 39 62 805 votes Isaac Avery Pro Admin 12 11 246 votes Others 0 25 5 votes Frederick Boush Unknown 0 05 1 votes Henry Lee Unknown 0 05 1 votes Thomas Lawson Unknown 0 05 1 votes Thomas Newton Unknown 0 05 1 votes Matthew Godfrey Unknown 0 05 1 votes Virginia 9 Anti Administration win Y Theodorick Bland Anti Admin 91 2 Edward Carrington Unknown 7 2 Others Thomas Rivers Unknown 1 5 Sterling Edmunds Unknown Thomas Stith Unknown Charles B Jones Unknown Creed Taylor Unknown William Ronald Unknown William Macon Unknown Virginia 10 Pro Administration win Y Samuel Griffin Pro Admin Benjamin Harrison Unknown Unknown See also1788 89 United States elections List of United States House of Representatives elections 1789 1822 1788 89 United States Senate elections 1788 89 United States presidential election 1st United States CongressNotesNot including the six seats were added by North Carolina and Rhode Island after the start of this Congress Includes late elections North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution after the 1st Congress had started to meet and did not hold their elections for U S representatives until February and August 1790 respectively New Hampshire had a majority vote requirement for election No representatives were elected in the general election and three were returned at a subsequent trial held February 2 1789 Massachusetts had a majority vote requirement for election Four representatives were elected in the general election and four in subsequent trials a total of 5 trials had to be held between January 29 1789 and May 11 1789 Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate who had to choose one candidate from each district Georgia had three representatives elected by the whole state electorate who had to choose one candidate from each district Party affiliation not available Source does not give numbers of votes Only candidates with at least 1 of the vote listed Unclear whether these votes were for Aaron Kitchell or Abraham Kitchell References Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789 to Present US House of Representatives History Art amp Archives history house gov Retrieved 2024 06 30 Our Campaigns NH At Large Special Race Jun 22 1789 www ourcampaigns com Retrieved November 6 2019 A New Nation Votes American Election Returns 1787 1825 Delaware 1789 U S House of Representatives Tufts Digital Library Tufts University Archived from the original on January 29 2015 Retrieved June 3 2018 A New Nation Votes A New Nation Votes elections lib tufts edu Retrieved 2024 12 21 A New Nation Votes elections lib tufts edu Retrieved 2024 12 21 A New Nation Votes American Election Returns 1787 1825 Maryland 1789 U S House of Representatives Tufts Digital Library Tufts University Archived from the original on March 5 2016 Retrieved January 17 2015 A New Nation Votes elections lib tufts edu Retrieved 2024 12 21 First Congress March 4 1789 to March 3 1791 membership roster PDF artandhistory house gov Archived from the original PDF on December 5 2014 Retrieved January 17 2015 DenBoer Gordon ed 1986 The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections 1788 1790 Vol III University of Wisconsin Press p 512 ISBN 9780299106508 1st Congress 1789 1791 At Large Election PDF Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project January 16 2007 Retrieved January 17 2015 A New Nation Votes Virginia Elections Database Virginia Election Results and Statistics Virginia Elections Database Retrieved 2024 09 06 Bibliography A New Nation Votes American Election Returns 1787 1825 Tufts Digital Library Tufts University Archived from the original on January 29 2015 Retrieved January 17 2015 Dubin Michael J March 1 1998 United States Congressional Elections 1788 1997 The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses McFarland and Company ISBN 978 0786402830 Martis Kenneth C January 1 1989 The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress 1789 1989 Macmillan Publishing Company ISBN 978 0029201701 Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789 Present Office of the Historian United States House of Representatives Retrieved January 21 2015 Mapping Early American Elections project team 2019 Mapping Early American Elections Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media George Mason University Retrieved 2024 09 06 External linksOffice of the Historian Office of Art amp Archives Office of the Clerk U S House of Representatives