Prince Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn

Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn (Henry Frederick; 7 November [O.S. 27 October] 1745 – 18 September 1790) was the sixth child and fourth son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, and a younger brother of George III. His 1771 marriage to a commoner against the King's wishes prompted the Royal Marriages Act 1772.

Prince Henry
Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn
Portrait by Thomas Gainsborough, 1777
Born	(1745-10-27)27 October 1745 Leicester House, London
Died	18 September 1790(1790-09-18) (aged 44) Cumberland House, London
Burial	28 September 1790 Westminster Abbey
Spouse	Anne Horton ​ (m. 1771)​
Names Henry Frederick
House	Hanover
Father	Frederick, Prince of Wales
Mother	Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Signature
Military career
Allegiance	Great Britain
Service / branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1768–1790
Rank	Admiral of the White

Early life

Henry (right) with his brother William Henry, from a family group portrait of 1751.

Prince Henry, aged 9, by Liotard

Prince Henry was born on 27 October 1745 at Leicester House, London, to Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of George II and Caroline of Ansbach, and his wife Augusta, the Princess of Wales.

Royal Dukedom

Equestrian portrait by David Morier around 1765

On 22 October 1766, just prior to his twenty-first birthday, the prince was created Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn and Earl of Dublin. He was Ranger of Windsor Forest and Great Park, from 1766 to 1790. He became a Privy Councillor in 1766 and was appointed Knight of the Garter the following year (1767).

Allegations

On 4 March 1767, the Duke of Cumberland allegedly married Olive Wilmot (later Mrs Payne), a commoner, in a secret ceremony. There reportedly was one child, Olivia Wilmot (1772–1834), from this relationship, though the duke's paternity was never proven, and a jury found unanimously that Olivia Wilmot had forged the evidence. A landscape painter and novelist, Olivia Wilmot married John Thomas Serres (1759–1825) and later, controversially, assumed the title of "Princess Olivia of Cumberland".

Cumberland's mistresses included Ann Elliot who had been an actress before another had taken her off the stage. Cumberland set her up in a house in Greek Street in Soho where she died after an illness in 1769. Cumberland arranged for her burial and memorial and gave a large sum to her estate.

In 1769, the Duke of Cumberland was sued by Lord Grosvenor for "criminal conversation" (that is, adultery) after the Duke and Lady Grosvenor were discovered in flagrante delicto. Lord Grosvenor was awarded damages of £10,000, which together with costs amounted to an award of £13,000 (equivalent to £2,280,000 in 2023).

Royal Navy

In 1768, at the fairly late age of 22, the Duke entered the Royal Navy as a midshipman and was sent to Corsica in HMS Venus. However, he returned in September when the ship was recalled following the French invasion of the Corsican Republic. He was promoted to Rear-Admiral the following year and Vice-Admiral in 1770.

Marriage

On 2 October 1771, the Duke married Anne Horton (1743–1808), daughter of Irish peer and British MP Simon Luttrell, 1st Earl of Carhampton (then Lord Irnham) and the widow of Christopher Horton of Catton Hall. The marriage caused a rift with the King, who considered it a mismatch, and was the catalyst for the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which forbade any descendant of George II to marry without the monarch's permission.

The marriage between Anne Horton and the Duke of Cumberland was described as a "conquest at Brighthelmstone" (now Brighton) by Mrs. Horton, "who", Horace Walpole says, "had for many months been dallying with his passion, till she had fixed him to more serious views than he had intended". Anne was however generally thought one of the great beauties of the age (even Walpole found her green eyes "enchanting"), and Thomas Gainsborough painted her several times.

Later life

In 1775, the Duke established the Cumberland Fleet, which would later become the Royal Thames Yacht Club. He was promoted vice-admiral of the White in 1776, admiral of the Blue in 1778, and admiral of the White in 1782, though he was forbidden from assuming any command. The Duke was also instrumental in the development of Brighton as a popular resort. He had first visited in 1771, and in 1783, the Prince of Wales visited his uncle there.

The Duke of Cumberland died in London on 18 September 1790. His widow died in 1808.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles

• 27 October 1745 – 22 October 1766: His Royal Highness Prince Henry
• 22 October 1766 – 18 September 1790: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn

The prince's full style, as recited by Garter King of Arms at his funeral, was the "Most High, Most Mighty and Illustrious Prince Henry Frederick, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, Earl of Dublin, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter".

Arms

Henry was granted use of the arms of the kingdom, differenced by a label argent of five points, the centre bearing a cross gules, the other points each bearing a fleur-de-lys azure.

Ancestors

Ancestors of Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn

8. George I of Great Britain 4. George II of Great Britain 9. Duchess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle 2. Frederick, Prince of Wales 10. John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 5. Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 11. Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach 1. Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 12. Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 6. Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 13. Princess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Weissenfels 3. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 14. Charles, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst 7. Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 15. Princess Sophia of Saxe-Weissenfels

References

• Henry Churchyard "Royal Genealogies, Part 10"
• Sam Sloan "Big Combined Family Trees (pafg733)"

Citations

1. He is called simply "(His Royal Highness) Prince Henry" in the London Gazette 8 September 1761; 25 May; 28 December 1765; 14 December 1771
2. Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Family: A Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), page 280.
3. "No. 10668". The London Gazette. 14 October 1766. pp. 2–3.
4. "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/64332. ISBN 9780198614111. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
5. Stella Tillyard (2010). A Royal Affair: George III and His Troublesome Siblings. Random House. pp. 169–175. ISBN 978-1-4090-1769-1.
6. UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
7. The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8. Walpole, Horace. Memoirs and Portraits, 244.
9. "No. 11637". The London Gazette. 3–6 February 1776. p. 1.
10. "No. 11844". The London Gazette. 27–31 January 1778. p. 2.
11. "No. 12286". The London Gazette. 9–13 April 1782. p. 2.
12. "No. 13241". The London Gazette. 2 October 1790. p. 598.
13. Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family
14. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 4.

External links

• Portraits of Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn House of Hanover Cadet branch of the House of Welf Born: 7 November 1745 Died: 18 September 1790
Masonic offices
Preceded by The Duke of Manchester	Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England 1782–1790	Succeeded by The Earl of Moira (as Acting Grand Master)