1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 6, 1870, and October 6, 1871. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 42nd United States Congress convened on March 4, 1871. They occurred in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's first term. Elections were held for all 243 seats, representing 37 states.

1870–71 United States House of Representatives elections

← 1868 & 1869 June 6, 1870 – October 6, 1871 1872 & 1873 →
All 243 seats in the United States House of Representatives 122 seats needed for a majority
Majority party Minority party   Leader James G. Blaine Fernando Wood Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat Maine 3rd New York 9th Last election 171 seats 61 seats Seats won 136 94 Seat change 35 33 Popular vote 2,719,276 2,441,956 Percentage 49.59% 44.53% Swing 2.22pp 0.40pp   Third party Fourth party   Party Conservative Liberal Republican Last election 6 seats New Party Seats won 10 2 Seat change 4 2 Popular vote 160,295 55,551 Percentage 2.92% 1.01% Swing 0.27pp Pre-creation   Fifth party   Party Independent Last election 0 seats Seats won 1 Seat change 1 Popular vote 98,591 Percentage 1.80% Swing 0.81pp
Results:      Democratic hold      Democratic gain      Republican hold      Republican gain      Conservative gain
Speaker before election James G. Blaine Republican Elected Speaker James G. Blaine Republican

With Grant's administration rocked by a number of scandals (including a shady deal for gold speculation that led to a crash in the market and several business deals that saw highranking governmental officials gain kickbacks) and Reconstruction winding down, his Republican Party lost seats to the opposition Democratic Party but retained an overall majority. Also, since white-supremacist governments controlled by the Democratic Party were reestablishing themselves in some portions of the Southern United States, the Democrats were able to make huge gains in this election.

Election summaries

↓

104	139
Democratic	Republican

State	Type	Total seats	Democratic		Republican
			Seats	Change	Seats	Change
Mississippi	District	5	0		5
Alabama	District	6	3	1	3	1
Arkansas	District	3	1		2
California	District	3	0	2	3	2
Connecticut	District	4	1		3
Delaware	At-large	1	1		0
Florida	At-large	1	1	1	0	1
Georgia	District	7	4		3
Illinois	District + 1 at-large	14	6	2	8	2
Indiana	District	11	5	1	6	1
Iowa	District	6	0		6
Kansas	At-large	1	0		1
Kentucky	District	9	9		0
Louisiana	District	5	0		5
Maine	District	5	0		5
Maryland	District	5	5		0
Massachusetts	District	10	0		10
Michigan	District	6	1	1	5	1
Minnesota	District	2	0	1	2	1
Missouri	District	9	4	2	5	2
Nebraska	At-large	1	0		1
Nevada	At-large	1	1	1	0	1
New Hampshire	District	3	3	3	0	3
New Jersey	District	5	2	1	3	1
New York	District	31	16	3	15	3
North Carolina	District	7	5	4	2	4
Ohio	District	19	5	1	14	1
Oregon	At-large	1	1		0
Pennsylvania	District	24	11	3	13	3
Rhode Island	District	2	0		2
South Carolina	District	4	0		4
Tennessee	District	8	6	6	2	6
Texas	District	4	4	3	0	3
Vermont	District	3	0		3
Virginia	District	8	5	5	3
West Virginia	District	3	2	2	1	2
Wisconsin	District	6	2	1	4	1
Total		243	104 42.8%	37	139 57.2%	32

Results shaded according to winning candidates share of popular vote

Popular vote Conservative   2.92% Democratic   44.53% Independent   1.80% Lib. Republican   1.01% Republican   49.59% Others   0.15%

House seats Conservative   4.08% Democratic   38.37% Independent   0.41% Lib. Republican   0.82% Republican   56.33%

The previous election included 5 Conservatives

Election dates

In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the States moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1870, there remained 12 States that held elections before Election Day, and 4 that held it after at this time:

• Early elections:
  • December 1, 1869: Mississippi (Mississippi was a special case, having held elections for both the 41st Congress upon readmission and for the 42nd Congress on the same day)
  • June 6: Oregon
  • August 4: North Carolina
  • September 6: Vermont
  • September 12: Maine
  • October 11: Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania
  • October 25: West Virginia
  • November 1: South Carolina
• Late elections:
  • March 14, 1871: New Hampshire
  • April 4, 1871: Connecticut
  • August 6, 1871: Montana Territory
  • September 6, 1871: California
  • October 6, 1871: Texas

Special elections

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Iowa 2
Michigan 4
South Carolina 1
Wisconsin 2	Benjamin F. Hopkins	Republican	1866	Incumbent died January 1, 1870. New member elected February 15, 1870. Republican hold.	▌Y David Atwood (Republican) 86.0% ▌Jared Comstock Gregory (Democratic) 5.6% ▌George Baldwin Smith (Ind. Democratic) 1.7% Scattering 6.7%

Alabama

Arizona Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Arkansas

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arkansas 1	Logan Roots	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y James M. Hanks (Democratic) 61.4% ▌Logan Roots (Republican) 38.7%
Arkansas 2	Anthony A. C. Rogers	Democratic	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Oliver P. Snyder (Republican) 59.1% ▌Anthony A. C. Rogers (Democratic) 41.0%
Arkansas 3	Thomas Boles	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Liberal Republican gain.	▌Y John Edwards (Liberal Republican) 53.7% ▌Thomas Boles (Republican) 46.3%

California

California elections

← 1868 September 6, 1871 1872 →
3 seats
Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic Last election 1 2 Seats won 3 0 Seat change 2 2 Popular vote 62,539 57,065 Percentage 52.3% 47.7%
Republican hold   Republican gain

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
California 1	Samuel Beach Axtell	Democratic	1867	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Sherman O. Houghton (Republican) 51.6% ▌Lawrence Archer (Democratic) 48.4%
California 2	Aaron A. Sargent	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Aaron A. Sargent (Republican) 54% ▌James W. Coffroth (Democratic) 46%
California 3	James A. Johnson	Democratic	1867	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y John M. Coghlan (Republican) 51.7% ▌George Pearce (Democratic) 48.3%

Colorado Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Connecticut

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Connecticut 1	Julius L. Strong	Republican	1869	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Julius L. Strong (Republican) 50.4% ▌Alfred R. Goodrich (Democratic) 49.4%
Connecticut 2	Stephen Kellogg	Republican	1869	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Stephen Kellogg (Republican) 49.9% ▌John Kendrick (Democratic) 49.8%
Connecticut 3	Henry H. Starkweather	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Henry H. Starkweather (Republican) 54.6% ▌John W. Stedman (Democratic) 45.4%
Connecticut 4	William Barnum	Democratic	1867	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William Barnum (Democratic) 52.2% ▌George Coffing (Republican) 47.8%

Dakota Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Delaware

District of Columbia

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Florida

Florida election

← 1868 November 8, 1870 (Election Day) 1872 →
1 seat
Majority party Minority party   Party Republican Democratic Last election 1 0 Seats won 1 0 Seat change Popular vote 12,439 11,812 Percentage 51.3% 48.7%

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Florida at-large	Charles M. Hamilton	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Josiah T. Walls (Republican) 51.3% ▌Silas L. Niblack (Democratic) 48.7%

Niblack subsequently successfully challenged Walls's election and was seated from Florida's at-large district on January 29, 1873.

Georgia

Idaho Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

Montana Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Nebraska

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Nebraska at-large	John Taffe	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Taffe (Republican) 60.84% ▌George B. Lake (Democratic) 42.00%

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

New Mexico Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Ohio

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Ohio 1	Peter W. Strader	Democratic	1868	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y Aaron F. Perry (Republican) 52.4% ▌Milton Sayler (Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 2	Job E. Stevenson	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Job E. Stevenson (Republican) 54.5% ▌Samuel F. Cary (Democratic) 45.5%
Ohio 3	Robert C. Schenck	Republican	1862	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Lewis D. Campbell (Democratic) 50.1% ▌Robert C. Schenck (Republican) 49.9%
Ohio 4	William Lawrence	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John F. McKinney (Democratic) 50.5% ▌William B. McClung (Republican) 49.5%
Ohio 5	William Mungen	Democratic	1866	Incumbent retired. Democratic hold.	▌Y Charles N. Lamison (Democratic) 57.4% ▌John B. Clark (Republican) 42.6%
Ohio 6	John Armstrong Smith	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Armstrong Smith (Republican) 50.8% ▌James W. Denver (Democratic) 49.2%
Ohio 7	James J. Winans	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y Samuel Shellabarger (Republican) 52.8% ▌Hugh J. Jewett (Democratic) 47.2%
Ohio 8	John Beatty	Republican	1868 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Beatty (Republican) 52.9% ▌James Randolph Hubbell (Democratic) 47.1%
Ohio 9	Edward F. Dickinson	Democratic	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain.	▌Y Charles Foster (Republican) 51.5% ▌Edward F. Dickinson (Democratic) 48.5%
Ohio 10	Erasmus D. Peck	Republican	1870 (Special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Erasmus D. Peck (Republican) 52.5% ▌William F. Lockwood (Democratic) 47.5%
Ohio 11	John Thomas Wilson	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Thomas Wilson (Republican) 52.4% ▌Ralph Leete (Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 12	Philadelph Van Trump	Democratic	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Philadelph Van Trump (Democratic) 57.9% ▌Charles Elwood Brown (Republican) 42.1%
Ohio 13	George W. Morgan	Democratic	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y George W. Morgan (Democratic) 54.1% ▌Charles W. Potwin (Republican) 45.9%
Ohio 14	Martin Welker	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y James Monroe (Republican) 51.5% ▌Lyman R. Critchfield (Democratic) 48.5%
Ohio 15	Eliakim H. Moore	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y William P. Sprague (Republican) 51.6% ▌John Cartwright (Democratic) 48.4%
Ohio 16	John Bingham	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y John Bingham (Republican) 52.4% ▌Robert A. Chambers (Democratic) 47.6%
Ohio 17	Jacob A. Ambler	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Jacob A. Ambler (Republican) 55.1% ▌John Ball (Republican) 44.9%
Ohio 18	William H. Upson	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y William H. Upson (Republican) 62.2% ▌John M. Coffinberry (Democratic) 37.8%
Ohio 19	James A. Garfield	Republican	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James A. Garfield (Republican) 65.1% ▌William Howard (Democratic) 34.9%

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Tennessee

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Tennessee 1	Roderick R. Butler	Republican	1867	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Roderick R. Butler (Republican) 47.05% ▌James White (Democratic) 42.72% ▌Nathaniel G. Taylor (Independent Republican) 10.23%
Tennessee 2	Horace Maynard	Republican	1865	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Horace Maynard (Republican) 51.49% ▌A. Blizard (Democratic) 48.51%
Tennessee 3	William B. Stokes	Republican	1865	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Abraham E. Garrett (Democratic) 69.73% ▌William B. Stokes (Republican) 30.27%
Tennessee 4	Lewis Tillman	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John M. Bright (Democratic) 86.52% ▌James Mullins (Republican) 13.48%
Tennessee 5	William F. Prosser	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Edward I. Golladay (Democratic) 47.16% ▌William F. Prosser (Republican) 32.04% ▌Balie Peyton (Ind. Democratic) 20.80%
Tennessee 6	Samuel M. Arnell	Republican	1865	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Washington C. Whitthorne (Democratic) 67.78% ▌T. J. Cypert (Republican) 21.52% ▌J. B. Frierson (Republican) 10.70%
Tennessee 7	Isaac R. Hawkins	Republican	1865	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Robert P. Caldwell (Democratic) 81.66% ▌John Norman (Republican) 18.34%
Tennessee 8	William J. Smith	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y William W. Vaughan (Democratic) 61.83% ▌William J. Smith (Republican) 23.63% ▌E. Shaw (Ind. Republican) 14.54%

Texas

Utah Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Vermont

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Vermont 1	Charles W. Willard	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles W. Willard (Republican) 66.1% ▌John Cain (Democratic) 23.9% ▌Ahiman S. Miner (Republican) 9.7% ▌Frederick E. Woodbridge (Republican) 1.0% ▌Loyal C. Kellogg (Republican) 0.6%
Vermont 2	Luke P. Poland	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected	▌Y Luke P. Poland (Republican) 76.4% ▌Lewis L. Partridge (Democratic) 23.4%
Vermont 3	Worthington C. Smith	Republican	1866	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Worthington C. Smith (Republican) 74.8% ▌Henry Gillett (Democratic) 25.0%

Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Virginia 1	Richard S. Ayer	Republican	1869	Incumbent retired. Conservative gain.	▌Y John Critcher (Conservative) 100%
Virginia 2	James H. Platt Jr.	Republican	1869	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James H. Platt Jr. (Republican) 100%
Virginia 3	Charles H. Porter	Republican	1869	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles H. Porter (Republican) 100%
Virginia 4	George Booker	Conservative	1869	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y William H. H. Stowell (Republican) 100%
Virginia 5	Richard T. W. Duke	Conservative	1870 (special)	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Richard T. W. Duke (Conservative) 100%
Virginia 6	William Milnes Jr.	Conservative	1869	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John T. Harris (Democratic) 100%
Virginia 7	Lewis McKenzie	Conservative	1869	Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican. Democratic gain.	▌Y Elliott M. Braxton (Democratic) 100% ▌Lewis McKenzie (Republican) 0%
Virginia 8	James K. Gibson	Conservative	1869	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Terry (Democratic) 100%

Washington Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

West Virginia

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
West Virginia 1	Isaac H. Duval	Republican	1868	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y John J. Davis (Democratic) 52.39% ▌Nathan Goff Jr. (Republican) 47.61%
West Virginia 2	James McGrew	Republican	1868	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y James McGrew (Republican) 52.67% ▌O. P. Downey (Democratic) 47.33%
West Virginia 3	John Witcher	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌Y Frank Hereford (Democratic) 54.85% ▌John Witcher (Republican) 45.15%

Wisconsin

Wisconsin elected six members of congress on Election Day, November 8, 1870.

District	Incumbent			This race
	Member	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Wisconsin 1	Halbert E. Paine	Republican	1864	Incumbent retired. Democratic gain.	▌Y Alexander Mitchell (Democratic) 57.5% ▌William P. Lyon (Republican) 42.5%
Wisconsin 2	David Atwood	Republican	1870 (special)	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Gerry Whiting Hazelton (Republican) 54.5% ▌Amasa G. Cook (Democratic) 45.5%
Wisconsin 3	Amasa Cobb	Republican	1862	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y J. Allen Barber (Republican) 58.5% ▌John Strachan (Democratic) 41.5%
Wisconsin 4	Charles A. Eldredge	Democratic	1862	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Charles A. Eldredge (Democratic) 62.4% ▌Jerome Anthony Watrous (Republican) 37.6%
Wisconsin 5	Philetus Sawyer	Republican	1864	Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Philetus Sawyer (Republican) 59.3% ▌Joseph Stringham (Democratic) 40.7%
Wisconsin 6	Cadwallader C. Washburn	Republican	1866	Incumbent retired. Republican hold.	▌Y Jeremiah McLain Rusk (Republican) 61.3% ▌Alexander Meggett (Democratic) 38.7%

Wyoming Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

District	Incumbent			This race
	Delegate	Party	First elected	Results	Candidates
Arizona Territory at-large	Richard C. McCormick	Republican		Incumbent re-elected.	▌Y Richard C. McCormick (Republican) 100%
Colorado Territory at-large	Allen A. Bradford	Republican	1868	Unknown if incumbent retired or lost renomination. Republican hold.	▌Y Jerome B. Chaffee (Republican) 56.05% ▌[FNU] Miller (Unknown) 43.95%
Dakota Territory at-large	Solomon L. Spink	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election as a Democrat. Independent Democratic gain.	▌Y Moses K. Armstrong (Ind. Democratic) 34.27% ▌Walter A. Burleigh (Republican) 34.09% ▌Solomon L. Spink (Republican) 31.64%
District of Columbia at-large	New district			New seat. New delegate elected in 1871. Republican gain.	▌Y Norton P. Chipman (Republican) [data missing]
Idaho Territory at-large	Jacob K. Shafer	Democratic	1868	Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold.	▌Y Samuel A. Merritt (Democratic) 59.24% ▌T. J. Butler (Republican) 40.74% ▌J. L. Butler (Independent) 0.02%
Montana Territory at-large	James M. Cavanaugh	Democratic	1859 (Minn.) 1861 (lost) 1868	Incumbent lost renomination. New delegate elected August 7, 1871. Republican gain.	▌Y William H. Clagett (Republican) 52.04% ▌ (Democratic) 47.96%
New Mexico Territory at-large	José F. Chaves	Republican	1868	Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain.	▌José M. Gallegos (Democratic) 100% ▌José F. Chaves (Republican) 0%
Utah Territory at-large	William H. Hooper	Democratic		Incumbent re-elected.	▌William H. Hooper (Democratic) 93.75% ▌George R. Maxwell (Republican) 6.25%
Washington Territory at-large	Selucius Garfielde	Republican		Incumbent re-elected June 6, 1870.	▌Y Selucius Garfielde (Republican) 54.56% ▌ (Democratic) 43.00% ▌ (Ind. Republican) 2.44%
Wyoming Territory at-large	Stephen F. Nuckolls	Democratic	1869	Incumbent retired. Republican gain.	▌Y William T. Jones (Republican) 52.13% ▌John Wanless (Democratic) 45.03% ▌[FNU] Murrin (Ind. Democratic) 2.85%

See also

• 1870 United States elections
  • 1870–71 United States Senate elections
• 41st United States Congress
• 42nd United States Congress

Notes

1. Majority of states held elections on November 8, 1870 (i.e. Election Day).
2. Note that Dubin (p. 221) records 9–10 "Conservatives", and approximately 94 Democrats, as being elected to the 42nd Congress. This contrasts with Martis (pp. 124–125) which offers no separate accounting of "Conservatives" from Democrats and thus records a total of 104 Democratic members of the 42nd Congress.
3. Includes 1 Independent Republican.
4. Elections held early.
5. Elections held at the same time as elections for 41st Congress.
6. Elections held late.
7. Includes 2 Liberal Republicans: Gustavus A. Finkelnburg elected to Missouri's 2nd district, and James G. Blair elected to Missouri's 8th district.
8. Includes 1 Independent Republican, John V. Creely, elected to Pennsylvania's 2nd district.
9. Previous election had 5 Conservatives.
10. Includes 2 Liberal Republicans and 1 Independent Republican.

References

1. Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
2. "Wisconsin U.S. House Election Results" (PDF). Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Wayback Machine.
3. Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1046. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
4. "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
5. Initial result, Democratic candidate successfully challenged Republican victory
6. "Forty-Second Congress (membership roster)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
7. "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 11, 1870". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
8. Smith, Joseph P, ed. (1898). History of the Republican Party in Ohio. Vol. I. Chicago: the Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 277, 278.
9. "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
10. "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
11. "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
12. "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
13. "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
14. "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
15. "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
16. "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
17. "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
18. "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
19. "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
20. "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
21. "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
22. "AZ Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
23. "CO Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
24. "DK Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
25. "DC Delegate - Initial Election". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
26. "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
27. "MT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
28. "NM Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
29. "UT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
30. "WA Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
31. "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 5, 2021.

Bibliography

• Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
• Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
• Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
• "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.

External links

• Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)