The 1874–75 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 1, 1874, and September 7, 1875. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 44th United States Congress convened on December 6, 1875. Elections were held for all 292 seats, representing 37 states.
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All 292 seats in the United States House of Representatives 147 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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These elections were held in the middle of President Ulysses S. Grant's second term with a deep economic depression underway. It was an important turning point, as the Republicans lost heavily and the Democrats gained control of the House. It signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed. Historians emphasize the factors of economic depression and attacks on the Grant administration for corruption as key factors in the vote.
With the election following the Panic of 1873, Grant's Republican Party was crushed in the elections, losing their majority and almost half their seats to the Democratic Party. This was the first period of Democratic control since the prewar era. The economic crisis and the inability of Grant to find a solution led to his party's defeat. This was the second-largest swing in the history of the House (only behind the 1894 elections), and is the largest House loss in the history of the Republican Party.
In the south, the Democrats continued their systematic destruction of the Republican coalition. In the South, Scalawags moved into the Democratic Party. The Democratic landslide signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction, which Democrats opposed and a realignment of the Republican coalition that had dominated American politics since the late 1850s.
While the ongoing end of Reconstruction in the South was one of the main reasons for the shift, turn-of-the-century historian James Ford Rhodes explored the multiple causes of the results in the North:
In the fall elections of 1874 the issue was clearly defined: Did the Republican President Ulysses S. Grant and Congress deserve the confidence of the country? and the answer was unmistakably No ... The Democrats had won a signal victory, obtaining control of the next House of Representatives which would stand Democrats 168, Liberals and Independents 14, Republicans 108 as against the two-thirds Republican majority secured by the election of 1872. Since 1861 the Republicans had controlled the House and now with its loss came a decrease in their majority in the Senate ...
Rhodes continues:
The political revolution from 1872 to 1874 was due to the failure of the Southern policy of the Republican party, to the Credit Mobilier and Sanborn contract scandals, to corrupt and inefficient administration in many departments and to the persistent advocacy of Grant by some close friends and hangers-on for a third presidential term. Some among the opposition were influenced by the President's backsliding in the cause of civil service reform, and others by the failure of the Republican party to grapple successfully with the financial question. The depression, following the financial Panic of 1873, and the number of men consequently out of employment weighed in the scale against the party in power. In Ohio, the result was affected by the temperance crusade in the early part of the year. Bands of women of good social standing marched to saloons before which or in which they sang hymns and, kneeling down, prayed that the great evil of drink might be removed. Sympathizing men wrought with them in causing the strict law of the State against the sale of strong liquor to be rigidly enforced. Since Republicans were in the main the instigators of the movement, it alienated from their party a large portion of the German American vote.
Special elections
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2019) |
- South Carolina 3: 1874
- Pennsylvania 23: 1874
- Massachusetts 1: 1875
- Oregon at-large: 1875
- Maine 4: 1875
Election summaries
182 | 8 | 103 |
Democratic | Republican |
State | Type | Total seats | Democratic | Republican | Independent | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Seats | Change | Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||
Alabama | District + 2 at-large | 8 | 6 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Arkansas | District | 4 | 4 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
California | District | 4 | 3 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Connecticut | District | 4 | 3 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Delaware | At-large | 1 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Florida | District | 2 | 1 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Georgia | District | 9 | 9 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Illinois | District | 19 | 11 | ![]() | 6 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() |
Indiana | District | 13 | 8 | ![]() | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Iowa | District | 9 | 1 | ![]() | 8 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Kansas | District | 3 | 1 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Kentucky | District | 10 | 9 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Louisiana | District | 6 | 4 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Maine | District | 5 | 0 | ![]() | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Maryland | District | 6 | 6 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Massachusetts | District | 11 | 5 | ![]() | 4 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() |
Michigan | District | 9 | 3 | ![]() | 6 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Minnesota | District | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Mississippi | District | 6 | 4 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Missouri | District | 13 | 13 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Nebraska | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Nevada | At-large | 1 | 0 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
New Hampshire | District | 3 | 2 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
New Jersey | District | 7 | 5 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
New York | District | 33 | 17 | ![]() | 16 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
North Carolina | District | 8 | 7 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Ohio | District | 20 | 13 | ![]() | 7 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Oregon | At-large | 1 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Pennsylvania | District | 27 | 17 | ![]() | 10 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Rhode Island | District | 2 | 0 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
South Carolina | District | 5 | 0 | ![]() | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Tennessee | District | 10 | 9 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Texas | District | 6 | 6 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Vermont | District | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Virginia | District | 9 | 8 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
West Virginia | District | 3 | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Wisconsin | District | 8 | 3 | ![]() | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() |
Total | 293 | 183 62.5% | ![]() | 105 36.2% | ![]() | 4 1.4% | ![]() |
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Election dates
In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1874–75, there were still 10 states with earlier election dates, and 3 states with later election dates:
- Early elections (1874):
- June 1 Oregon
- August 6 North Carolina
- September 1 Vermont
- September 14 Maine
- October 7 Georgia
- October 13 Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia
- Late elections (1875):
- March 9, 1875 New Hampshire
- April 5, 1875 Connecticut
- September 7, 1875 California
Alabama
Arkansas
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arkansas 1 | Asa Hodges | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Arkansas 2 | Oliver P. Snyder | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Arkansas 3 | William J. Hynes Redistricted from the at-large district | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Arkansas 4 | Thomas M. Gunter Redistricted from the 3rd district | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Arizona Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
California
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
California 1 | Charles Clayton | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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California 2 | Horace F. Page | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 3 | John K. Luttrell | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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California 4 | Sherman O. Houghton | Republican | 1871 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Colorado Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Connecticut
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Connecticut 1 | Joseph R. Hawley | Republican | 1872 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Connecticut 2 | Stephen Kellogg | Republican | 1869 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Connecticut 3 | Henry H. Starkweather | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent re-elected |
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Connecticut 4 | William Barnum | Democratic | 1867 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Delaware
Florida
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Florida 1 | William J. Purman Redistricted from the at-large district | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Florida 2 | Josiah T. Walls Redistricted from the at-large district | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. The election was later successfully challenged. |
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Georgia
Idaho Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | James Buffinton | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 2 | Benjamin W. Harris | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 3 | William Whiting II | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Massachusetts 4 | Samuel Hooper | Republican | 1861 (special) | Incumbent retired. New member elected after initial result overturned. Democratic gain. |
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Massachusetts 5 | Daniel W. Gooch | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Independent gain. |
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Massachusetts 6 | Benjamin Butler | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Massachusetts 7 | Ebenezer R. Hoar | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Massachusetts 8 | John M. S. Williams | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Massachusetts 9 | George F. Hoar | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 10 | Alvah Crocker | Republican | 1872 (special) | Incumbent retired. Independent gain. |
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Massachusetts 11 | Henry L. Dawes | Republican | 1856 | Incumbent retired to run for U.S. Senate. Democratic gain. |
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Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Mississippi 1 | Lucius Q. C. Lamar | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Mississippi 2 | Albert R. Howe | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Independent Republican gain. |
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Mississippi 3 | Henry W. Barry | Republican | 1869 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Mississippi 4 | Jason Niles | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Mississippi 5 | George C. McKee | Republican | 1869 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Mississippi 6 | John R. Lynch | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Missouri
Montana Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Nebraska
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Nebraska at-large | Lorenzo Crounse | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Oregon at-large | James Nesmith | Democratic | 1873 | Incumbent retired. New member elected June 1, 1874. Democratic hold. |
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Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Carolina 1 | Joseph Rainey | Republican | 1870 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 2 | Alonzo J. Ransier | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Independent Republican gain. Election was later successfully challenged, declared vacant, and a special election was then held. |
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South Carolina 3 | Robert B. Elliott | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent resigned November 1, 1874, to serve as sheriff. Republican hold |
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South Carolina 4 | Alexander S. Wallace | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 5 | Richard H. Cain Redistricted from the at-large seat | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Tennessee
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Tennessee 1 | Roderick R. Butler | Republican | 1867 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Tennessee 2 | Jacob M. Thornburgh | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 3 | William Crutchfield | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Tennessee 4 | None (new district) | New district. Democratic gain. |
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Tennessee 5 | John M. Bright Redistricted from the 4th district. | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 6 | Horace Harrison Redistricted from the 5th district. | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Tennessee 7 | Washington C. Whitthorne Redistricted from the 7th district. | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 8 | John D. C. Atkins Redistricted from the 7th district. | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Tennessee 9 | David A. Nunn Redistricted from the 8th district. | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Tennessee 10 | Barbour Lewis Redistricted from the 9th district. | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Texas
Utah Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Vermont
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Vermont 1 | Charles W. Willard | Republican | 1868 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican hold. |
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Vermont 2 | Luke P. Poland | Republican | 1866 | Incumbent lost re-election. Independent Republican gain. | First ballot
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Vermont 3 | George Hendee | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Virginia 1 | James Beverley Sener | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 2 | James H. Platt Jr. | Republican | 1869 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 3 | Charles H. Porter | Republican | 1869 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 4 | William H. H. Stowell | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 5 | Christopher Thomas | Republican | 1872 (contest) | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Virginia 6 | Thomas Whitehead | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Virginia 7 | John T. Harris | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 8 | Eppa Hunton | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 9 | Rees Bowen | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Washington Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
West Virginia
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
West Virginia 1 | John J. Davis | Independent Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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West Virginia 2 | John Hagans | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election as an Independent. Democratic gain. |
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West Virginia 3 | Frank Hereford | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Wisconsin 1 | Charles G. Williams | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 2 | Gerry Whiting Hazelton | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Wisconsin 3 | J. Allen Barber | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Wisconsin 4 | Alexander Mitchell | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Democratic hold. |
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Wisconsin 5 | Charles A. Eldredge | Democratic | 1862 | Incumbent lost renomination. Democratic hold. |
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Wisconsin 6 | Philetus Sawyer | Republican | 1864 | Incumbent retired. Republican hold. |
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Wisconsin 7 | Jeremiah M. Rusk | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Wisconsin 8 | Alexander S. McDill | Republican | 1872 | Incumbent lost re-election. Democratic gain. |
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Wyoming Territory
See Non-voting delegates, below.
Non-voting delegates
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delegate | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Arizona Territory at-large | |||||
Dakota Territory at-large | Moses K. Armstrong | Democratic | 1870 | Incumbent lost re-election. Republican gain. |
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Colorado Territory at-large | Jerome B. Chaffee | Republican | 1870 | Incumbent retired. Democratic gain. |
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Idaho Territory at-large | John Hailey | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent retired. Independent gain. Result successfully contested. Democratic hold. |
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Montana Territory at-large | Martin Maginnis | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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New Mexico Territory at-large | |||||
Utah Territory at-large | |||||
Washington Territory at-large | |||||
Wyoming Territory at-large | William R. Steele | Democratic | 1872 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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See also
- 1874 United States elections
- 1874–75 United States Senate elections
- 43rd United States Congress
- 44th United States Congress
Notes
- The majority of states held their elections on this date. 13 other states held regular elections on different dates between June 1, 1874, and September 7, 1875.
- Includes late elections.
- Included 1 Independent Democrat.
- Includes 3 Independent Republicans.
- Includes 1 Independent Democrat, William H. Felton, elected to Georgia's 7th congressional district.
- There were 4 Independents, 3 Independent Republicans, and 1 Independent Democrat.
- Elections held late.
- Elections held early.
- Includes 1 Independent Republican.
- Thomas M. Gunter lost election in 1872 to William W. Wilshire, contested the election and was seated June 1874.
- Died before term began.
References
- Martis, pp. 128–129.
- Barreyre, Nicolas (2011). "The Politics of Economic Crises: The Panic of 1873, the End of Reconstruction, and the realignment of American Politics". Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. 10 (4): 403–423. doi:10.1017/S1537781411000260.
- Campbell, James E. (Fall 2006). "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868-2004". Social Science History. 30 (3): 359–386. doi:10.1017/S014555320001350X. S2CID 15075840.
- Rhodes, James Ford (1920). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1872-1877. The Macmillan company. p. 67.
- Statutes at Large, 28th Congress, 2nd Session, p. 721.
- Guide to U.S. Elections. Vol. II (6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2010. p. 1046. ISBN 9781604265361. LCCN 2009033938. OCLC 430736650.
- "State of Connecticut Elections Database » Search Past Election Results". State of Connecticut Elections Database. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
- "MS - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- "MS - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- "MS - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- "MS - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- "MS - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- "MS - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
- "Our Campaigns - NE - District 01 Race - Oct 13, 1874". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
- "TN - District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 04". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 05". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 06". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 07". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 08". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 09". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
- "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
- "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved September 2, 2024.
- "WV District 01". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- "WV District 02". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- "WV District 03". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- "DK Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
- "Our Campaigns - CO Territorial Delegate - Final Election Race - Nov 03, 1874". www.ourcampaigns.com.
- "ID Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
- "MT Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
- "WY Territorial Delegate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
Bibliography
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- Moore, John L., ed. (1994). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (Third ed.). Congressional Quarterly Inc. ISBN 978-0871879967.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, House of United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
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The 1874 75 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 1 1874 and September 7 1875 Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 44th United States Congress convened on December 6 1875 Elections were held for all 292 seats representing 37 states 1874 75 United States House of Representatives elections 1872 amp 1873 November 3 1874 1876 amp 1877 All 292 seats in the United States House of Representatives 147 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Michael Kerr James G Blaine Party Democratic Republican Leader s seat Indiana 3rd Maine 3rd Last election 88 seats 195 seats Seats won 180 103 Seat change 92 92 Popular vote 3 061 888 2 766 257 Percentage 49 12 44 38 Swing 7 12pp 8 47pp Third party Fourth party Party Anti Monopoly Reform Last election 0 seats 0 seats Seats won 1 1 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 79 816 9 546 Percentage 1 28 0 15 Swing New party New party Fifth party Party Independent Last election 1 seat Seats won 4 Seat change 3 Popular vote 276 554 Percentage 4 44 Swing 2 19ppResults Democratic hold Democratic gain Republican hold Republican gain Independent holdSpeaker before election James G Blaine Republican Elected Speaker Michael Kerr Democratic These elections were held in the middle of President Ulysses S Grant s second term with a deep economic depression underway It was an important turning point as the Republicans lost heavily and the Democrats gained control of the House It signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction which Democrats opposed Historians emphasize the factors of economic depression and attacks on the Grant administration for corruption as key factors in the vote With the election following the Panic of 1873 Grant s Republican Party was crushed in the elections losing their majority and almost half their seats to the Democratic Party This was the first period of Democratic control since the prewar era The economic crisis and the inability of Grant to find a solution led to his party s defeat This was the second largest swing in the history of the House only behind the 1894 elections and is the largest House loss in the history of the Republican Party In the south the Democrats continued their systematic destruction of the Republican coalition In the South Scalawags moved into the Democratic Party The Democratic landslide signaled the imminent end of Reconstruction which Democrats opposed and a realignment of the Republican coalition that had dominated American politics since the late 1850s While the ongoing end of Reconstruction in the South was one of the main reasons for the shift turn of the century historian James Ford Rhodes explored the multiple causes of the results in the North In the fall elections of 1874 the issue was clearly defined Did the Republican President Ulysses S Grant and Congress deserve the confidence of the country and the answer was unmistakably No The Democrats had won a signal victory obtaining control of the next House of Representatives which would stand Democrats 168 Liberals and Independents 14 Republicans 108 as against the two thirds Republican majority secured by the election of 1872 Since 1861 the Republicans had controlled the House and now with its loss came a decrease in their majority in the Senate Rhodes continues The political revolution from 1872 to 1874 was due to the failure of the Southern policy of the Republican party to the Credit Mobilier and Sanborn contract scandals to corrupt and inefficient administration in many departments and to the persistent advocacy of Grant by some close friends and hangers on for a third presidential term Some among the opposition were influenced by the President s backsliding in the cause of civil service reform and others by the failure of the Republican party to grapple successfully with the financial question The depression following the financial Panic of 1873 and the number of men consequently out of employment weighed in the scale against the party in power In Ohio the result was affected by the temperance crusade in the early part of the year Bands of women of good social standing marched to saloons before which or in which they sang hymns and kneeling down prayed that the great evil of drink might be removed Sympathizing men wrought with them in causing the strict law of the State against the sale of strong liquor to be rigidly enforced Since Republicans were in the main the instigators of the movement it alienated from their party a large portion of the German American vote Special electionsThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2019 South Carolina 3 1874 Pennsylvania 23 1874 Massachusetts 1 1875 Oregon at large 1875 Maine 4 1875Election summaries 182 8 103 Democratic Republican State Type Total seats Democratic Republican Independent Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change Alabama District 2 at large 8 6 4 2 4 0 Arkansas District 4 4 4 0 4 0 California District 4 3 2 1 2 0 Connecticut District 4 3 2 1 2 0 Delaware At large 1 1 1 0 1 0 Florida District 2 1 1 1 1 0 Georgia District 9 9 2 0 2 0 Illinois District 19 11 6 6 8 2 2 Indiana District 13 8 5 5 5 0 Iowa District 9 1 1 8 1 0 Kansas District 3 1 1 2 1 0 Kentucky District 10 9 1 1 1 0 Louisiana District 6 4 3 2 2 0 Maine District 5 0 5 0 Maryland District 6 6 2 0 2 0 Massachusetts District 11 5 5 4 7 2 2 Michigan District 9 3 3 6 3 0 Minnesota District 3 0 3 0 Mississippi District 6 4 3 2 3 0 Missouri District 13 13 4 0 4 0 Nebraska At large 1 0 1 0 Nevada At large 1 0 1 1 1 0 New Hampshire District 3 2 1 1 1 0 New Jersey District 7 5 4 2 4 0 New York District 33 17 8 16 8 0 North Carolina District 8 7 2 1 2 0 Ohio District 20 13 7 7 7 0 Oregon At large 1 1 1 0 1 0 Pennsylvania District 27 17 12 10 12 0 Rhode Island District 2 0 2 0 South Carolina District 5 0 5 0 Tennessee District 10 9 6 1 6 0 Texas District 6 6 0 0 Vermont District 3 0 3 0 Virginia District 9 8 4 1 4 0 West Virginia District 3 3 1 0 1 0 Wisconsin District 8 3 1 5 1 0 Total 293 183 62 5 94 105 36 2 93 4 1 4 4 Popular vote Democratic 49 12 Republican 44 38 Anti Monopoly 1 28 Reform 0 15 Independent 4 44 Others 0 63 House seats Democratic 61 43 Republican 35 15 Anti Monopoly 0 34 Reform 0 34 Independent 2 74 House seats by party holding plurality in state 80 Democratic 80 Republican 60 to 80 Democratic 60 to 80 Republican Up to 60 Democratic Up to 60 Republican Net gain in party representation 6 Democratic gain 6 Republican gain 3 5 Democratic gain 3 5 Republican gain 1 2 Democratic gain 1 2 Republican gain no net changeElection datesIn 1845 Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors This law did not affect election dates for Congress which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments but over time the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well In 1874 75 there were still 10 states with earlier election dates and 3 states with later election dates Early elections 1874 June 1 Oregon August 6 North Carolina September 1 Vermont September 14 Maine October 7 Georgia October 13 Indiana Iowa Nebraska Ohio West Virginia Late elections 1875 March 9 1875 New Hampshire April 5 1875 Connecticut September 7 1875 CaliforniaAlabamaArkansasDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Arkansas 1 Asa Hodges Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Lucien C Gause Democratic 64 0 William H Rogers Republican 36 0 Arkansas 2 Oliver P Snyder Republican 1870 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y William F Slemons Democratic 53 7 John M Clayton Republican 46 3 Arkansas 3 William J Hynes Redistricted from the at large district Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y William W Wilshire Democratic 65 0 William J Hynes Republican 35 0 Arkansas 4 Thomas M Gunter Redistricted from the 3rd district Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Thomas M Gunter Democratic 90 8 Charles H Lander Republican 9 2 Arizona TerritorySee Non voting delegates below CaliforniaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates California 1 Charles Clayton Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y William Adam Piper Democratic 49 1 Ira P Rankin Republican 26 8 John F Swift Independent 24 1 California 2 Horace F Page Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Horace F Page Republican 43 4 Henry Larkin Democratic 38 7 Charles A Tuttle Independent 17 8 California 3 John K Luttrell Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y John K Luttrell Democratic 46 7 C B Denio Republican 36 1 Charles F Reed Independent 17 1 California 4 Sherman O Houghton Republican 1871 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y Peter D Wigginton Democratic 48 8 Sherman O Houghton Republican 34 6 J S Thompson Independent 16 7 Colorado TerritorySee Non voting delegates below ConnecticutDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut 1 Joseph R Hawley Republican 1872 special Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y George M Landers Democratic Joseph R Hawley Republican Edwin B Lyon Prohibition Connecticut 2 Stephen Kellogg Republican 1869 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y James Phelps Democratic 50 8 Stephen Kellogg Republican 45 9 Calvin S Harrington Prohibition 2 1 Connecticut 3 Henry H Starkweather Republican 1867 Incumbent re elected Y Henry H Starkweather Republican 49 4 Lafayette S Foster Democratic 45 7 Elisha H Palmer Prohibition 3 2 Connecticut 4 William Barnum Democratic 1867 Incumbent re elected Y William Barnum Democratic 53 8 Republican 43 3 Dwight M Hodge Prohibition 2 3 DelawareFloridaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Florida 1 William J Purman Redistricted from the at large district Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y William J Purman Republican 53 0 John Henderson Democratic 47 0 Florida 2 Josiah T Walls Redistricted from the at large district Republican 1870 Incumbent re elected The election was later successfully challenged Y Josiah T Walls Republican 51 1 Jesse J Finley Democratic 48 9 GeorgiaIdaho TerritorySee Non voting delegates below IllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisianaMaineMarylandMassachusettsDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1 James Buffinton Republican 1868 Incumbent re elected Y James Buffinton Republican 68 88 Louis Lapham Democratic 28 94 Robert Carter Pitman Independent 2 19 Massachusetts 2 Benjamin W Harris Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Benjamin W Harris Republican 59 07 Edward Avery Democratic 40 93 Massachusetts 3 William Whiting II Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Henry L Pierce Republican 61 92 Benjamin Dean Democratic 38 08 Massachusetts 4 Samuel Hooper Republican 1861 special Incumbent retired New member elected after initial result overturned Democratic gain Y Josiah Gardner Abbott Democratic 52 93 Rufus S Frost Republican 47 07 Massachusetts 5 Daniel W Gooch Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Independent gain Y Nathaniel P Banks Independent 64 92 Daniel W Gooch Republican 35 09 Massachusetts 6 Benjamin Butler Republican 1866 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y Charles Perkins Thompson Democratic 52 94 Benjamin Butler Republican 47 06 Massachusetts 7 Ebenezer R Hoar Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y John K Tarbox Democratic 54 77 James C Ayer Republican 45 23 Massachusetts 8 John M S Williams Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y William W Warren Democratic 52 20 John M S Williams Republican 47 80 Massachusetts 9 George F Hoar Republican 1868 Incumbent re elected Y George F Hoar Republican 51 26 Eli Thayer Democratic 48 74 Massachusetts 10 Alvah Crocker Republican 1872 special Incumbent retired Independent gain Y Julius Seelye Independent 41 79 Charles A Stevens Republican 39 53 Henry C Hill Democratic 18 68 Massachusetts 11 Henry L Dawes Republican 1856 Incumbent retired to run for U S Senate Democratic gain Y Chester W Chapin Democratic 65 77 Henry Alexander Republican 34 23 MichiganMinnesotaMississippiDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Mississippi 1 Lucius Q C Lamar Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Lucius Q C Lamar Democratic 100 Mississippi 2 Albert R Howe Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Independent Republican gain Y G Wiley Wells Ind Republican 59 42 Albert R Howe Republican 40 59 Mississippi 3 Henry W Barry Republican 1869 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Hernando Money Democratic 68 10 Ridgley C Powers Republican 31 90 Mississippi 4 Jason Niles Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y Otho R Singleton Democratic 66 57 Jason Niles Republican 33 43 Mississippi 5 George C McKee Republican 1869 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Charles E Hooker Democratic 59 91 James Hill Republican 40 09 Mississippi 6 John R Lynch Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y John R Lynch Republican 50 53 Roderick Seal Democratic 49 47 MissouriMontana TerritorySee Non voting delegates below NebraskaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Nebraska at large Lorenzo Crounse Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Lorenzo Crounse Republican 62 70 James W Savage Democratic 23 26 James W Davis Independent 11 34 James G Miller Prohibition 2 71 NevadaNew HampshireNew JerseyNew Mexico TerritorySee Non voting delegates below New YorkNorth CarolinaOhioOregonDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Oregon at large James Nesmith Democratic 1873 Incumbent retired New member elected June 1 1874 Democratic hold Y George A La Dow Democratic 38 06 Richard Williams Republican 36 87 Timothy W DavenportPennsylvaniaRhode IslandSouth CarolinaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Carolina 1 Joseph Rainey Republican 1870 special Incumbent re elected Y Joseph Rainey Republican 51 4 Samuel Lee Ind Republican 48 6 South Carolina 2 Alonzo J Ransier Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Independent Republican gain Election was later successfully challenged declared vacant and a special election was then held Y Edmund W M Mackey Ind Republican 54 1 Charles W Buttz Republican 45 9 South Carolina 3 Robert B Elliott Republican 1870 Incumbent resigned November 1 1874 to serve as sheriff Republican hold Y Solomon L Hoge Republican 56 1 Samuel McGowan Conservative 43 9 South Carolina 4 Alexander S Wallace Republican 1868 Incumbent re elected Y Alexander S Wallace Republican 53 2 Joseph B Kershaw Conservative 46 8 South Carolina 5 Richard H Cain Redistricted from the at large seat Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Robert Smalls Republican 79 4 J P M Epping Ind Republican 19 9 Others 0 7 TennesseeDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Tennessee 1 Roderick R Butler Republican 1867 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y William McFarland Democratic 55 54 Roderick R Butler Republican 44 46 Tennessee 2 Jacob M Thornburgh Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Jacob M Thornburgh Republican 51 54 Alfred Caldwell Democratic 48 47 Tennessee 3 William Crutchfield Republican 1872 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y George G Dibrell Democratic 65 71 D M Nelson Republican 31 60 William B Stokes Independent 2 70 Tennessee 4 None new district New district Democratic gain Y John W Head Democratic 100 Tennessee 5 John M Bright Redistricted from the 4th district Democratic 1870 Incumbent re elected Y John M Bright Democratic 72 48 William H Wisener Republican 27 16 J D Putnam Independent 0 36 Tennessee 6 Horace Harrison Redistricted from the 5th district Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y John F House Democratic 62 40 Horace Harrison Republican 37 60 Tennessee 7 Washington C Whitthorne Redistricted from the 7th district Democratic 1870 Incumbent re elected Y Washington C Whitthorne Democratic 78 13 Theodore H Gibbs Republican 14 32 G W Blackburn Independent Republican 7 55 Tennessee 8 John D C Atkins Redistricted from the 7th district Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y John D C Atkins Democratic 66 36 T C Muse Republican 33 64 Tennessee 9 David A Nunn Redistricted from the 8th district Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y William P Caldwell Democratic 72 05 David A Nunn Republican 27 95 Tennessee 10 Barbour Lewis Redistricted from the 9th district Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y H Casey Young Democratic 60 38 Barbour Lewis Republican 39 62 TexasUtah TerritorySee Non voting delegates below VermontDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont 1 Charles W Willard Republican 1868 Incumbent lost re election Republican hold Y Charles H Joyce Republican 69 4 Homer W Heaton Democratic 18 7 Charles W Willard Republican 11 8 Vermont 2 Luke P Poland Republican 1866 Incumbent lost re election Independent Republican gain First ballot Dudley C Denison Ind Republican 44 7 Luke P Poland Republican 36 6 Charles Davenport Democratic 12 5 John B Mead Ind Republican 4 2 Second ballot Y Dudley C Denison Ind Republican 58 7 Luke P Poland Republican 29 9 Alexander McLane Democratic 11 3 Vermont 3 George Hendee Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y George Hendee Republican 71 3 John Edwards Democratic 28 7 VirginiaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 1 James Beverley Sener Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y Beverly B Douglas Democratic 50 7 James Beverley Sener Republican 49 3 Virginia 2 James H Platt Jr Republican 1869 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y John Goode Democratic 49 4 James H Platt Jr Republican 48 9 Robert Norton Republican 1 6 Virginia 3 Charles H Porter Republican 1869 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Gilbert C Walker Democratic 55 3 Rush Bargess Republican 44 5 R A Paul Unknown 0 2 Virginia 4 William H H Stowell Republican 1870 Incumbent re elected Y William H H Stowell Republican 63 9 William Hodges Mann Democratic 35 9 C H Porter Independent 0 2 Virginia 5 Christopher Thomas Republican 1872 contest Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y George Cabell Democratic 57 1 Christopher Thomas Republican 42 9 Virginia 6 Thomas Whitehead Democratic 1872 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y J Randolph Tucker Democratic 65 2 J Foote Johnson Republican 34 8 Virginia 7 John T Harris Democratic 1870 Incumbent re elected Y John T Harris Democratic 73 6 John F Lewis Republican 25 5 John F Early Unknown 0 5 Charles T O Ferrall Independent 0 4 Virginia 8 Eppa Hunton Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Eppa Hunton Democratic 51 4 James Barbour Republican 48 6 Virginia 9 Rees Bowen Democratic 1872 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y William Terry Democratic 48 4 Fayette McMullen Independent 40 6 George W Henderlite Republican 10 9 Washington TerritorySee Non voting delegates below West VirginiaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates West Virginia 1 John J Davis Independent Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Benjamin Wilson Democratic 50 33 Nathan Goff Jr Republican 49 67 West Virginia 2 John Hagans Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election as an Independent Democratic gain Y Charles J Faulkner Democratic 57 51 Alexander Boteler Republican 40 32 John Hagans Independent 2 17 West Virginia 3 Frank Hereford Democratic 1870 Incumbent re elected Y Frank Hereford Democratic 63 59 John Witcher Republican 36 41 WisconsinDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Wisconsin 1 Charles G Williams Republican 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Charles G Williams Republican 56 9 Nicholas D Fratt Democratic 43 1 Wisconsin 2 Gerry Whiting Hazelton Republican 1870 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Lucien B Caswell Republican 50 5 Amasa G Cook Democratic 49 5 Wisconsin 3 J Allen Barber Republican 1870 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Henry S Magoon Republican 52 7 Charles F Thompson Democratic 47 3 Wisconsin 4 Alexander Mitchell Democratic 1870 Incumbent retired Democratic hold Y William Pitt Lynde Democratic 55 8 Harrison Ludington Republican 44 2 Wisconsin 5 Charles A Eldredge Democratic 1862 Incumbent lost renomination Democratic hold Y Samuel D Burchard Democratic 61 5 Hiram Barber Republican 38 5 Wisconsin 6 Philetus Sawyer Republican 1864 Incumbent retired Republican hold Y Alanson M Kimball Republican 50 2 Gabriel Bouck Democratic 49 8 Wisconsin 7 Jeremiah M Rusk Republican 1870 Incumbent re elected Y Jeremiah M Rusk Republican 57 4 David C Fulton Democratic 42 6 Wisconsin 8 Alexander S McDill Republican 1872 Incumbent lost re election Democratic gain Y George W Cate Democratic 50 0 Alexander S McDill Republican 50 0 Wyoming TerritorySee Non voting delegates below Non voting delegatesDistrict Incumbent This race Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates Arizona Territory at large Dakota Territory at large Moses K Armstrong Democratic 1870 Incumbent lost re election Republican gain Y Jefferson P Kidder Republican 67 74 Moses K Armstrong Democratic 32 26 Colorado Territory at large Jerome B Chaffee Republican 1870 Incumbent retired Democratic gain Y Thomas M Patterson Democratic 56 3 Henry P H Bromwell Republican 44 7 Idaho Territory at large John Hailey Democratic 1872 Incumbent retired Independent gain Result successfully contested Democratic hold Y Stephen S Fenn Democratic 51 02 Thomas W Bennett Independent 48 98 Montana Territory at large Martin Maginnis Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y Martin Maginnis Democratic 55 57 Cornelius Hedges Republican 44 43 New Mexico Territory at large Utah Territory at large Washington Territory at large Wyoming Territory at large William R Steele Democratic 1872 Incumbent re elected Y William R Steele Democratic 56 53 Joseph M Carey Republican 43 47 See also1874 United States elections 1874 75 United States Senate elections 43rd United States Congress 44th United States CongressNotesThe majority of states held their elections on this date 13 other states held regular elections on different dates between June 1 1874 and September 7 1875 Includes late elections Included 1 Independent Democrat Includes 3 Independent Republicans Includes 1 Independent Democrat William H Felton elected to Georgia s 7th congressional district There were 4 Independents 3 Independent Republicans and 1 Independent Democrat Elections held late Elections held early Includes 1 Independent Republican Thomas M Gunter lost election in 1872 to William W Wilshire contested the election and was seated June 1874 Died before term began ReferencesMartis pp 128 129 Barreyre Nicolas 2011 The Politics of Economic Crises The Panic of 1873 the End of Reconstruction and the realignment of American Politics Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 10 4 403 423 doi 10 1017 S1537781411000260 Campbell James E Fall 2006 Party Systems and Realignments in the United States 1868 2004 Social Science History 30 3 359 386 doi 10 1017 S014555320001350X S2CID 15075840 Rhodes James Ford 1920 History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 1872 1877 The Macmillan company p 67 Statutes at Large 28th Congress 2nd Session p 721 Guide to U S Elections Vol II 6th ed Washington D C CQ Press 2010 p 1046 ISBN 9781604265361 LCCN 2009033938 OCLC 430736650 State of Connecticut Elections Database Search Past Election Results State of Connecticut Elections Database Retrieved October 9 2024 MS District 01 Our Campaigns Retrieved March 11 2021 MS District 02 Our Campaigns Retrieved March 11 2021 MS District 03 Our Campaigns Retrieved March 11 2021 MS District 04 Our Campaigns Retrieved March 11 2021 MS District 05 Our Campaigns Retrieved March 11 2021 MS District 06 Our Campaigns Retrieved March 11 2021 Our Campaigns NE District 01 Race Oct 13 1874 www ourcampaigns com Retrieved September 19 2021 TN District 01 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 02 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 03 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 04 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 05 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 06 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 07 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 08 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 09 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 TN District 10 Our Campaigns Retrieved February 21 2021 VT Elections Database Vermont Election Results and Statistics VT Elections Database Retrieved August 29 2024 Virginia Elections Database Virginia Election Results and Statistics Virginia Elections Database Retrieved September 2 2024 WV District 01 Our Campaigns Retrieved April 16 2021 WV District 02 Our Campaigns Retrieved April 16 2021 WV District 03 Our Campaigns Retrieved April 16 2021 DK Territorial Delegate Our Campaigns Retrieved April 6 2021 Our Campaigns CO Territorial Delegate Final Election Race Nov 03 1874 www ourcampaigns com ID Territorial Delegate Our Campaigns Retrieved April 3 2021 MT Territorial Delegate Our Campaigns Retrieved April 4 2021 WY Territorial Delegate Our Campaigns Retrieved April 11 2021 BibliographyDubin Michael J March 1 1998 United States Congressional Elections 1788 1997 The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses McFarland and Company ISBN 978 0786402830 Martis Kenneth C January 1 1989 The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress 1789 1989 Macmillan Publishing Company ISBN 978 0029201701 Moore John L ed 1994 Congressional Quarterly s Guide to U S Elections Third ed Congressional Quarterly Inc ISBN 978 0871879967 Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789 Present Office of the Historian House of United States House of Representatives Retrieved January 21 2015 External linksOffice of the Historian Office of Art amp Archives Office of the Clerk U S House of Representatives