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The general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee (Vietnamese: Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam), simply and informally the general secretary (Tổng bí thư, TBT), is the current title for the holder of the highest office within the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV), being in practice the highest position in the politics of Vietnam and is considered one of the four pillars of the country's leadership. The general secretaryship used to be the second-highest office within the party when Hồ Chí Minh was the chairman, a post which existed from 1951 to 1969, and since 1969, the general secretary has generally been regarded as the highest leader of Vietnam. The general secretary also holds the title of secretary of the Central Military Commission, the leading party organ on military affairs, being the highest political and ideological leader of the People's Army of Vietnam; however, unlike other Communist Parties' leaders, the Vietnamese position rarely assumes a co-official government office or title such as State President at the same time, alongside with the consensus-based four pillars slightly lowering the position's supremacy in the Vietnamese political system to its one-party counterparts. The current general secretary is Tô Lâm, ranking first in the Politburo. The position was once designated the first secretary (Vietnamese: Bí thư Thứ nhất) from 1951 to 1976.
| General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee | |
|---|---|
| Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam Tổng Bí Thư Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam | |
 Emblem of the Communist Party of Vietnam | |
 Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam | |
 Incumbent since 3 August 2024Tô Lâm | |
| Type | Party leader |
| Status | Highest ranking official / Political chief |
| Member of |
|
| Appointer | Central Committee |
| Term length | Five years, renewable once (but exemptions can be given) |
| Precursor | First Secretary |
| Inaugural holder | Trần Phú |
| Formation | 27 October 1930 |
| Salary | 30,420,000₫ monthly ($1,186 USD) |
Trần Phú, one of the founding members of the Indochinese Communist Party, was the party's first general secretary. A year after being elected, he was sentenced to prison by the French authorities because of anti-French activities. He died in prison the same year. Trần's de facto successor was Lê Hồng Phong who led the party through the office of General Secretary of the Overseas Executive Committee (OEC). The OEC general secretary led the party because the Central Committee had been all but annihilated. Hà Huy Tập, the third general secretary, was removed from his post in March 1938, and was arrested by the authorities in May. Nguyễn Văn Cừ, the fourth general secretary, was arrested by the authorities in January 1940, and executed by shooting on 28 August 1941. He was succeeded by Trường Chinh. An article in Nhân Dân on 25 March 1951 described Trường Chinh's role as the "builder and commander" of the revolution, while Hồ Chí Minh was referred to as "the soul of the Vietnamese revolution and the Vietnamese resistance". Trường Chinh was demoted as first secretary in 1956 because of his role in the Land Reform campaign". Hồ Chí Minh took over the office of first secretary, but quickly appointed Lê Duẩn acting first secretary. Lê Duẩn was elected first secretary in 1960 and was second only to Hồ Chí Minh until the latter's death on 2 September 1969.
From 2 September 1969 until his death on 10 July 1986, Lê Duẩn was the undisputed leader of Vietnam. He died two months before the next National Party Congress. He was succeeded by Trường Chinh, the former general secretary who had served as the second-most powerful politician in Vietnam since Hồ Chí Minh's death. Trường Chinh was demoted from his post at the 6th National Party Congress and was succeeded by Nguyễn Văn Linh. The Western press called Nguyễn Văn Linh "Vietnam's Gorbachev" because of his reformist policies. He resigned because of bad health in 1991, and Đỗ Mười was appointed to the general secretaryship by the 7th National Congress. He ruled until 1997, when he was ousted from power by the reformist-wing of the party. Lê Khả Phiêu was Đỗ Mười's successor, and he was elected as a compromise candidate. He was ousted in 2001, before the 10th National Party Congress, when the Central Committee overturned a decision of the Politburo; a majority in the Central Committee voted to remove Lê Khả Phiêu as general secretary. Nông Đức Mạnh succeeded him, and he came to be considered a modernizer. Nông Đức Mạnh was also the first general secretary with a university degree. He retired in 2011, and was succeeded by Nguyễn Phú Trọng, who ruled for thirteen years before his death. After his death in 2024, Tô Lâm succeeded Trọng.
The general secretary presides over the work of the Central Committee, the Political Bureau, the Secretariat, and chairs meetings with key leaders (Working Regulation of the Central Committee, 2011).
List
| General Secretary of the Indochinese Communist Party Central Committee Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Đông Dương | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Rank | Central Committee |
| 1 |  | Trần Phú (1904–1931) | 27 October 1930 | 6 September 1931† | 1 | Provisional Central Committee (1930–35) |
| 2 |  | Lê Hồng Phong (1902–1942) | 27 October 1931 | 26 July 1936 | 1 | 1st Central Committee (1935–45) |
| 3 |  | Hà Huy Tập (1906–1941) | 26 July 1936 | 30 March 1938 | 1 | |
| 4 |  | Nguyễn Văn Cừ (1912–1941) | 30 March 1938 | 9 November 1940 | 1 | |
| 5 |  | Trường Chinh (1907–1988) | 9 November 1940 | 11 November 1945 | 1 | 1st Central Committee (1935–45) |
| First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Vietnam Central Committee Bí thư Thứ nhất Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Lao động Việt Nam | ||||||
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Rank | Central Committee |
| 5 | | Trường Chinh (1907–1988) | 19 February 1951 | 5 October 1956 | 2 | 2nd Central Committee (1951–60) |
| 6 |  | Hồ Chí Minh (1890–1969) | 5 October 1956 | 10 September 1960 | 1 | 2nd Central Committee (1951–60) |
| 3rd Central Committee (1960–76) | ||||||
| 7 |  | Lê Duẩn (1907–1986) | 10 September 1960 | 20 December 1976 | 2 | |
| General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee Tổng Bí thư Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam | ||||||
| 7 | | Lê Duẩn (1907–1986) | 20 December 1976 | 10 July 1986† | 1 | 4th Central Committee (1976–81) |
| 5th Central Committee (1981–86) | ||||||
| 5 | | Trường Chinh (1907–1988) | 14 July 1986 | 18 December 1986 | 1 | 5th Central Committee (1981–86) |
| 8 | Nguyễn Văn Linh (1915–1998) | 18 December 1986 | 28 June 1991 | 1 | 6th Central Committee (1986–91) | |
| 9 |  | Đỗ Mười (1917–2018) | 28 June 1991 | 26 December 1997 | 1 | 7th Central Committee (1991–96) |
| 8th Central Committee (1996–2001) | ||||||
| 10 |  | Lê Khả Phiêu (1932–2020) | 26 December 1997 | 22 April 2001 | 1 | |
| 11 |  | Nông Đức Mạnh (born 1940) | 22 April 2001 | 19 January 2011 | 1 | 9th Central Committee (2001–06) |
| 10th Central Committee (2006–11) | ||||||
| 12 |  | Nguyễn Phú Trọng (1944–2024) | 19 January 2011 | 19 July 2024† | 1 | 11th Central Committee (2011–16) |
| 12th Central Committee (2016–21) | ||||||
| 13th Central Committee (2021–26) | ||||||
| 13 |  | Tô Lâm (born 1957) | 3 August 2024 | Incumbent | 1 | |
| Chairman of the Workers' Party of Vietnam Central Committee Chủ tịch Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng Lao động Việt Nam | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Rank | Central Committee |
| * | | Hồ Chí Minh (1890–1969) | 19 February 1951 | 2 September 1969 | 1 | 2nd Central Committee (1951–60) 3rd Central Committee (1960–76) |
Timeline
See also
- Permanent Member of the Secretariat
- General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
- General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
- General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Notes
- These numbers are not official.
- The Central Committee when it convenes for its first session after being elected by a National Party Congress elects the Politburo. According to David Koh, in interviews with several high-standing Vietnamese officials, the Politburo ranking is based upon the number of approval votes given by the Central Committee. Lê Hồng Anh, the Minister of Public Security, was ranked 2nd in the 10th Politburo because he received the second-highest number of approval votes. Another example being Tô Huy Rứa of the 10th Politburo, he was ranked at the bottom because he received the lowest number of approval votes. This system was implemented at the 1st plenum of the 10th Central Committee. Before the 10th Party Congress Politburo rankings functioned as the official order of precedence, but it no longer does (however, there are some who disagree with this view).
- He was ranked No. 1 until the 1945 August Revolution led by Hồ Chí Minh.
- He was ranked second until the death of Hồ Chí Minh, the CPV chairman, on 2 September 1969.
- He is currently the only living former general secretary
References
- "Bảng lương của lãnh đạo cấp cao khi tăng lương cơ sở lên 2,34 triệu đồng". Dân trí. 4 July 2024.
- "Party General Secretary's address to the press after talks with US President". Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper. Vietnam News Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee Nguyen Phu Trong and...
- Porter 1993, pp. 83–84.
- "Bộ Chính trị - Khóa XIII | Ban Chấp hành Trung ương Đảng". Documents. Communist Party of Vietnam. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- Dodd, Lewis & Emmons 2003, p. 557.
- Brocheux 2007, p. 60.
- Quinn-Judge 2002, p. 225.
- Currey 2005, p. 61.
- Quinn-Judge 2002, pp. 1–2.
- Thai 1985, pp. 27–29.
- Ooi 2004, p. 777.
- Brocheux 2007, p. 174.
- Woods 2002, p. 74.
- Corfield 2008, pp. 111–112.
- Mason & Mason 1997, p. 313.
- "March of the poor and friendless (Vietnamese Communist Party holds its 7th Congress)". The Economist. 29 June 1991.
- Largo 2002, pp. 10–13.
- Abuza 2001, p. 1.
- Abuza 2001, p. 12.
- "Modernising leader for Vietnam". BBC World News. BBC Online. 22 April 2001. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
- Van & Cooper 1983, p. 69.
- Koh 2008, p. 666.
- "Tóm tắt tiểu sử Nguyên Tổng Bí thư Lê Khả Phiêu". BÁO ĐIỆN TỬ ĐẢNG CỘNG SẢN VIỆT NAM. 10 August 2020.
- "Đồng chí Nông Đức Mạnh". Tư liệu - Văn kiện Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nma. 16 April 2018.
- "Tóm tắt tiểu sử Bộ trưởng Bộ Công an Tô Lâm". Chính phủ Việt Nam. 15 November 2020. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020.
Bibliography
- Abuza, Zachary (2001). The Lessons of Le Kha Phieu: Changing Rules in Vietnamese politics. Vietnamese Professionals of America. The Catholic University of America.
- Brocheux, Pierre (2007). Ho Chi Minh: a Biography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521850629.
- Corfield, Justin (2008). The History of Vietnam. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313341946.
- Currey, Cecil (2005). Victory At Any Cost: The Genius of Vietnam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap. Potomac Books. ISBN 9781612340104.* Dodd, Jan; Lewis, Mark; Emmons, Ron (2003). Rough Guide to Vietnam. Rough Guides. ISBN 9781843530954.
- Koh, David (July–August 2008). "Leadership Changes at the 10th Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party". Asian Survey. 48 (4). University of California Press: 650–672. doi:10.1525/as.2008.48.4.650. JSTOR 10.1525/as.2008.48.4.650.
- Largo, V. (2002). Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Publishers. ISBN 9781590333686.
- Mason, Michael G.; Mason, Mike (1997). Development and Disorder: A History of the Third World Since 1945. University Press of New England. ISBN 9780874518290.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576077702.
- Porter, Gareth (1993). Vietnam: The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801421686.
- Quinn-Judge, Sophie (2002). Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years, 1919–1941. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520235335.
- Van, Canh Nguyen; Cooper, Earle (1983). Vietnam under Communism, 1975–1982. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817978518.
- Woods, L. Shelton (2002). Vietnam: a Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576074169.
- Thai, Quang Trung (2002). Collective Leadership and Factionalism: an Essay on Ho Chi Minh's Legacy. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789971988012.
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The general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee Vietnamese Tổng Bi thư Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam simply and informally the general secretary Tổng bi thư TBT is the current title for the holder of the highest office within the Communist Party of Vietnam CPV being in practice the highest position in the politics of Vietnam and is considered one of the four pillars of the country s leadership The general secretaryship used to be the second highest office within the party when Hồ Chi Minh was the chairman a post which existed from 1951 to 1969 and since 1969 the general secretary has generally been regarded as the highest leader of Vietnam The general secretary also holds the title of secretary of the Central Military Commission the leading party organ on military affairs being the highest political and ideological leader of the People s Army of Vietnam however unlike other Communist Parties leaders the Vietnamese position rarely assumes a co official government office or title such as State President at the same time alongside with the consensus based four pillars slightly lowering the position s supremacy in the Vietnamese political system to its one party counterparts The current general secretary is To Lam ranking first in the Politburo The position was once designated the first secretary Vietnamese Bi thư Thứ nhất from 1951 to 1976 General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central CommitteeTổng Bi thư Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam Tổng Bi Thư Đảng Cộng sản Việt NamEmblem of the Communist Party of VietnamFlag of the Communist Party of VietnamIncumbent To Lamsince 3 August 2024TypeParty leaderStatusHighest ranking official Political chiefMember ofCentral CommitteePolitical BureauCentral Military CommissionSecretariatAppointerCentral CommitteeTerm lengthFive years renewable once but exemptions can be given PrecursorFirst SecretaryInaugural holderTrần PhuFormation27 October 1930 94 years ago 1930 10 27 Salary30 420 000 monthly 1 186 USD Trần Phu one of the founding members of the Indochinese Communist Party was the party s first general secretary A year after being elected he was sentenced to prison by the French authorities because of anti French activities He died in prison the same year Trần s de facto successor was Le Hồng Phong who led the party through the office of General Secretary of the Overseas Executive Committee OEC The OEC general secretary led the party because the Central Committee had been all but annihilated Ha Huy Tập the third general secretary was removed from his post in March 1938 and was arrested by the authorities in May Nguyễn Văn Cừ the fourth general secretary was arrested by the authorities in January 1940 and executed by shooting on 28 August 1941 He was succeeded by Trường Chinh An article in Nhan Dan on 25 March 1951 described Trường Chinh s role as the builder and commander of the revolution while Hồ Chi Minh was referred to as the soul of the Vietnamese revolution and the Vietnamese resistance Trường Chinh was demoted as first secretary in 1956 because of his role in the Land Reform campaign Hồ Chi Minh took over the office of first secretary but quickly appointed Le Duẩn acting first secretary Le Duẩn was elected first secretary in 1960 and was second only to Hồ Chi Minh until the latter s death on 2 September 1969 From 2 September 1969 until his death on 10 July 1986 Le Duẩn was the undisputed leader of Vietnam He died two months before the next National Party Congress He was succeeded by Trường Chinh the former general secretary who had served as the second most powerful politician in Vietnam since Hồ Chi Minh s death Trường Chinh was demoted from his post at the 6th National Party Congress and was succeeded by Nguyễn Văn Linh The Western press called Nguyễn Văn Linh Vietnam s Gorbachev because of his reformist policies He resigned because of bad health in 1991 and Đỗ Mười was appointed to the general secretaryship by the 7th National Congress He ruled until 1997 when he was ousted from power by the reformist wing of the party Le Khả Phieu was Đỗ Mười s successor and he was elected as a compromise candidate He was ousted in 2001 before the 10th National Party Congress when the Central Committee overturned a decision of the Politburo a majority in the Central Committee voted to remove Le Khả Phieu as general secretary Nong Đức Mạnh succeeded him and he came to be considered a modernizer Nong Đức Mạnh was also the first general secretary with a university degree He retired in 2011 and was succeeded by Nguyễn Phu Trọng who ruled for thirteen years before his death After his death in 2024 To Lam succeeded Trọng The general secretary presides over the work of the Central Committee the Political Bureau the Secretariat and chairs meetings with key leaders Working Regulation of the Central Committee 2011 ListGeneral Secretary of the Indochinese Communist Party Central Committee Tổng Bi thư Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Đong Dương No Portrait Name Birth Death Took office Left office Rank Central Committee 1 Trần Phu 1904 1931 27 October 1930 6 September 1931 1 Provisional Central Committee 1930 35 2 Le Hồng Phong 1902 1942 27 October 1931 26 July 1936 1 1st Central Committee 1935 45 3 Ha Huy Tập 1906 1941 26 July 1936 30 March 1938 1 4 Nguyễn Văn Cừ 1912 1941 30 March 1938 9 November 1940 1 5 Trường Chinh 1907 1988 9 November 1940 11 November 1945 1 1st Central Committee 1935 45 First Secretary of the Workers Party of Vietnam Central Committee Bi thư Thứ nhất Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Lao động Việt Nam No Portrait Name Birth Death Took office Left office Rank Central Committee 5 Trường Chinh 1907 1988 19 February 1951 5 October 1956 2 2nd Central Committee 1951 60 6 Hồ Chi Minh 1890 1969 5 October 1956 10 September 1960 1 2nd Central Committee 1951 60 3rd Central Committee 1960 76 7 Le Duẩn 1907 1986 10 September 1960 20 December 1976 2 General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee Tổng Bi thư Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam 7 Le Duẩn 1907 1986 20 December 1976 10 July 1986 1 4th Central Committee 1976 81 5th Central Committee 1981 86 5 Trường Chinh 1907 1988 14 July 1986 18 December 1986 1 5th Central Committee 1981 86 8 Nguyễn Văn Linh 1915 1998 18 December 1986 28 June 1991 1 6th Central Committee 1986 91 9 Đỗ Mười 1917 2018 28 June 1991 26 December 1997 1 7th Central Committee 1991 96 8th Central Committee 1996 2001 10 Le Khả Phieu 1932 2020 26 December 1997 22 April 2001 1 11 Nong Đức Mạnh born 1940 22 April 2001 19 January 2011 1 9th Central Committee 2001 06 10th Central Committee 2006 11 12 Nguyễn Phu Trọng 1944 2024 19 January 2011 19 July 2024 1 11th Central Committee 2011 16 12th Central Committee 2016 21 13th Central Committee 2021 26 13 To Lam born 1957 3 August 2024 Incumbent 1 Chairman of the Workers Party of Vietnam Central Committee Chủ tịch Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Lao động Việt Nam No Portrait Name Birth Death Took office Left office Rank Central Committee Hồ Chi Minh 1890 1969 19 February 1951 2 September 1969 1 2nd Central Committee 1951 60 3rd Central Committee 1960 76 TimelineSee alsoPermanent Member of the Secretariat General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party General Secretary of the Workers Party of Korea General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionNotesThese numbers are not official The Central Committee when it convenes for its first session after being elected by a National Party Congress elects the Politburo According to David Koh in interviews with several high standing Vietnamese officials the Politburo ranking is based upon the number of approval votes given by the Central Committee Le Hồng Anh the Minister of Public Security was ranked 2nd in the 10th Politburo because he received the second highest number of approval votes Another example being To Huy Rứa of the 10th Politburo he was ranked at the bottom because he received the lowest number of approval votes This system was implemented at the 1st plenum of the 10th Central Committee Before the 10th Party Congress Politburo rankings functioned as the official order of precedence but it no longer does however there are some who disagree with this view He was ranked No 1 until the 1945 August Revolution led by Hồ Chi Minh He was ranked second until the death of Hồ Chi Minh the CPV chairman on 2 September 1969 He is currently the only living former general secretaryReferences Bảng lương của lanh đạo cấp cao khi tăng lương cơ sở len 2 34 triệu đồng Dan tri 4 July 2024 Party General Secretary s address to the press after talks with US President Communist Party of Vietnam Online Newspaper Vietnam News Agency Archived from the original on 9 January 2024 Retrieved 9 January 2024 General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee Nguyen Phu Trong and Porter 1993 pp 83 84 Bộ Chinh trị Khoa XIII Ban Chấp hanh Trung ương Đảng Documents Communist Party of Vietnam Archived from the original on 5 December 2023 Retrieved 7 October 2023 Dodd Lewis amp Emmons 2003 p 557 Brocheux 2007 p 60 Quinn Judge 2002 p 225 Currey 2005 p 61 Quinn Judge 2002 pp 1 2 Thai 1985 pp 27 29 Ooi 2004 p 777 Brocheux 2007 p 174 Woods 2002 p 74 Corfield 2008 pp 111 112 Mason amp Mason 1997 p 313 March of the poor and friendless Vietnamese Communist Party holds its 7th Congress The Economist 29 June 1991 Largo 2002 pp 10 13 Abuza 2001 p 1 Abuza 2001 p 12 Modernising leader for Vietnam BBC World News BBC Online 22 April 2001 Archived from the original on 21 November 2015 Retrieved 14 October 2021 Van amp Cooper 1983 p 69 Koh 2008 p 666 Tom tắt tiểu sử Nguyen Tổng Bi thư Le Khả Phieu BAO ĐIỆN TỬ ĐẢNG CỘNG SẢN VIỆT NAM 10 August 2020 Đồng chi Nong Đức Mạnh Tư liệu Văn kiện Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nma 16 April 2018 Tom tắt tiểu sử Bộ trưởng Bộ Cong an To Lam Chinh phủ Việt Nam 15 November 2020 Archived from the original on 15 November 2020 BibliographyWikimedia Commons has media related to General Secretaries of the Communist Party of Vietnam Wikiquote has quotations related to General Secretaries of the Communist Party of Vietnam Abuza Zachary 2001 The Lessons of Le Kha Phieu Changing Rules in Vietnamese politics Vietnamese Professionals of America The Catholic University of America Brocheux Pierre 2007 Ho Chi Minh a Biography Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521850629 Corfield Justin 2008 The History of Vietnam ABC CLIO ISBN 9780313341946 Currey Cecil 2005 Victory At Any Cost The Genius of Vietnam s Gen Vo Nguyen Giap Potomac Books ISBN 9781612340104 Dodd Jan Lewis Mark Emmons Ron 2003 Rough Guide to Vietnam Rough Guides ISBN 9781843530954 Koh David July August 2008 Leadership Changes at the 10th Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party Asian Survey 48 4 University of California Press 650 672 doi 10 1525 as 2008 48 4 650 JSTOR 10 1525 as 2008 48 4 650 Largo V 2002 Vietnam Current Issues and Historical Background Nova Publishers ISBN 9781590333686 Mason Michael G Mason Mike 1997 Development and Disorder A History of the Third World Since 1945 University Press of New England ISBN 9780874518290 Ooi Keat Gin 2004 Southeast Asia a Historical Encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor Vol 2 ABC CLIO ISBN 9781576077702 Porter Gareth 1993 Vietnam The Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism Cornell University Press ISBN 9780801421686 Quinn Judge Sophie 2002 Ho Chi Minh The Missing Years 1919 1941 University of California Press ISBN 9780520235335 Van Canh Nguyen Cooper Earle 1983 Vietnam under Communism 1975 1982 Hoover Press ISBN 9780817978518 Woods L Shelton 2002 Vietnam a Global Studies Handbook ABC CLIO ISBN 9781576074169 Thai Quang Trung 2002 Collective Leadership and Factionalism an Essay on Ho Chi Minh s Legacy Institute of Southeast Asian Studies ISBN 9789971988012