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Hariot Georgina Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, VA, CI, DBE (née Rowan-Hamilton; 5 February 1843 – 25 October 1936) was a British aristocrat and Vicereine of India, known for her success in the role of "diplomatic wife," and for leading an initiative to improve medical care for women in British India.
Her Excellency The Most Honourable The Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava VA CI DBE | |
|---|---|
 The Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava | |
| Viceregal-Consort of India | |
| In office 13 December 1884 – 10 December 1888 | |
| Monarch | Queen Victoria |
| Preceded by | |
| Succeeded by | The Marchioness of Lansdowne |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Hariot Georgina Rowan-Hamilton 5 February 1843 |
| Died | 5 February 1936 (aged 93) |
| Resting place | Clandeboye |
| Spouse | Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava |
| Children |
|
| Occupation | Writer, health care advocate |
Biography
Born Hariot Georgina Rowan-Hamilton, she was the eldest of the 7 children of Archibald Hamilton-Rowan of Killyleagh Castle. On 23 October 1862, she married her distant cousin the 5th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye at Killyleagh Castle; they later had five daughters and seven sons.
Her husband was created Earl of Dufferin in 1871. A year later, she and their children travelled with him to Canada upon his appointment as Governor General, where her assistance in turning Rideau Hall into a centre of social activity included literary readings and presentation of plays in which she herself sometimes performed. Lady Dufferin was one of the most popular of the governor-generals' wives, and was starting to build up her reputation as "the most effective diplomatic wife of her generation". Next she joined him as he served as ambassador to Russia from 1879 to 1881, and to the Ottoman Empire from 1881 to 1884, where she received the Grand Crescent of the Ottoman Order of the Chefakat in 1883, followed by the Persian Order of the Sun in 1887. In both St. Petersburg and Constantinople, as at all their embassies, the couple were known for their hospitality.
Work in India
Lady Dufferin went with her husband to India in 1884 when he was appointed as the country's viceroy. Prior to her departure, she was asked by Queen Victoria to initiate a plan to improve the situation for women in India in illness and in child-bearing.
In 1885, having successfully canvassed for substantial donations from Indian princes such as the Maharajahs of Kashmir and Durbungha, Lady Dufferin, established a fund – the National Association for supplying Female Medical Aid to the Women of India (known as the Countess of Dufferin Fund).
Whilst there had been previous initiatives to provide Western medical care for women in India, Lady Dufferin's fund was the first to deliver a co-ordinated programme with official backing. The fund aimed to: provide medical tuition to doctors, hospital assistants, nurses and midwives; medical relief through dispensaries; female wards; female doctors; and female hospitals. The fund facilitated the provision of medical care for women by women in India, recognising the reticence amongst women of some cultural and religious affiliations, to seek care from male doctors. To this end, scholarships were set up to train Indian women in England, and also for English and European women who would promise to practice in India. Some of the early Indian women beneficiaries of this fund included: Kadambini Basu who entered medical college in 1883; Anandabai Joshi, and Rukhmabai.
As well as the numerous 'Lady Dufferin' hospitals and clinics which were established, some of which still exist under that name, there are medical colleges and midwifery schools named after her. This involved her in a great deal of fund-raising and is sometimes referred to as her fardone work; it was celebrated by Rudyard Kipling in his The Song of the Women.
The Countess of Dufferin fund was selected by the King in 1935 as one of the beneficiaries of the Indian Jubilee Fund. Lady Dufferin herself sent a contribution of £100 towards this fund which was earmarked for the renovation of the Dufferin Hospital in Calcutta.
Lady Dufferin received the Order of the Crown of India in 1884 and the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert in 1895.
Return to the UK
When the Earl's term in India ended in 1888, they travelled back to their home at Clandeboye in Ireland and her husband was elevated in the peerage as the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava that same year. He continued his ambassadorial career in Europe, and the Marchioness accompanied him to Italy and France. She published her memoirs, based on the letters she had written to her mother: Our Viceregal Life in India (1889) and My Canadian Journal (1891). They retired to Clandeboye in 1905.
After her husband died in 1902, she spent much of her time in a relatively modest house in Chelsea, London, economising when possible to help her sons as the family fortune had been depleted by sales of land and unwise investments. She wrote My Russian and Turkish Journals (1916) and was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1917.
Issue
The first Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava had seven children. None of her sons outlived her: Archibald was killed in the Second Boer War, Basil was killed in the First World War, Terence died of pneumonia, and her youngest, Frederick, was killed in a plane crash in 1930. She died in London in 1936 and was buried at Clandeboye.
- Archibald Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 2nd Earl of Ava (1863–1900)
- Lady Helen Hermione (1865–1941), married Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar
- Terence John Temple (1866–1919), married Florence Hamilton Davis.
- Lady Hermione Catherine Helen Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1869–1960)
- Lord Ian Basil Gawaine Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1870–1917)
- Lady Victoria Alexandrina Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood (1873–1968), married firstly William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket and had 8 children; married secondly Colonel Francis Powell Braithwaite
- Frederick Temple (1875–1930) married Brenda Woodhouse.
-
![image]()
Dowager Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava during the First World War -
![image]()
Her third son, Basil, in military uniform in 1916 -
![image]()
Her third daughter, Helen, during the First World War
Legacy
A Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected in Winnipeg, Manitoba by the province to commemorate her role as the wife of the Governor General of Canada, and thus in Manitoba's heritage.
References
- Forster, Ben (1994). "Blackwood (Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood), Frederick Temple, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto/Universite Laval. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
- Davenport-Hines, Richard (January 2008). "Blackwood, Hariot Georgina Hamilton-Temple-, marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (1843–1936)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56107. Retrieved 26 October 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Women and modern medicine. Conrad, Lawrence I., 1949-, Hardy, Anne, 1953-. Amsterdam: Rodopi. 2001. ISBN 9789042008717. OCLC 49321961.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - "Lady Dufferin's Fund and Medical Training for Women Educated in Colonial India 1885-1920". Chomi Media. 14 December 2014. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- Forbes, Geraldine Hancock (2005). Women in colonial India : essays on politics, medicine, and historiography. New Delhi: Chronicle Books. ISBN 8180280179. OCLC 60396009.
- Davenport-Hines, Richard (January 2008). "Blackwood, Hariot Georgina Hamilton-Temple-, marchioness of Dufferin and Ava (1843–1936)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56107. Retrieved 26 October 2014. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- "The Song of the Women". www.kiplingsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- "News in Brief". The Times. No. 47051. 30 April 1935. p. 15.
- "No. 25423". The London Gazette. 16 December 1884. p. 5825.
- "Court Circular". Court and Social. The Times. No. 32607. London. 28 January 1889. col F, p. 9.
- "No. 30250". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 August 1917. p. 8794.
- "Manitoba Plaque". Gov.mb.ca. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Sources
- Burke's Peerage & Gentry
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
- The Countess of Dufferin's Fund Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
![image]()
Media related to Hariot Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava at Wikimedia Commons- Kipling's Song of the Women
- Daniel Sanjiv Roberts, 'Merely Birds of Passage': Lady Hariot Dufferin's travel writings and medical work in India, 1884–1888, in Women's History Review (July 2006)
- Harold Nicolson, Helen's Tower (Constable 1937) - a biography of Lord Dufferin, written by Lady Dufferin's nephew
Author: www.NiNa.Az
Publication date:
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Hariot Georgina Hamilton Temple Blackwood Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava VA CI DBE nee Rowan Hamilton 5 February 1843 25 October 1936 was a British aristocrat and Vicereine of India known for her success in the role of diplomatic wife and for leading an initiative to improve medical care for women in British India Her Excellency The Most HonourableThe Marchioness of Dufferin and AvaVA CI DBEThe Marchioness of Dufferin and AvaViceregal Consort of IndiaIn office 13 December 1884 10 December 1888MonarchQueen VictoriaPreceded bySucceeded byThe Marchioness of LansdownePersonal detailsBornHariot Georgina Rowan Hamilton 1843 02 05 5 February 1843Died5 February 1936 1936 02 05 aged 93 Resting placeClandeboyeSpouseFrederick Hamilton Temple Blackwood 1st Marquess of Dufferin and AvaChildrenArchibald Hamilton Temple Blackwood Earl of Ava Helen Hermione Munro Ferguson Viscountess Novar Terence Hamilton Temple Blackwood 2nd Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Lady Hermione Catherine Helen Hamilton Temple Blackwood Lord Basil Hamilton Temple Blackwood Alexandrina Plunket Lady Plunket Frederick Hamilton Temple Blackwood 3rd Marquess of Dufferin and AvaOccupationWriter health care advocate The Toboggan Party Rideau Hall illuminated composite photograph from Lady Dufferin s personal album c 1872 1875BiographyBorn Hariot Georgina Rowan Hamilton she was the eldest of the 7 children of Archibald Hamilton Rowan of Killyleagh Castle On 23 October 1862 she married her distant cousin the 5th Baron Dufferin and Claneboye at Killyleagh Castle they later had five daughters and seven sons Her husband was created Earl of Dufferin in 1871 A year later she and their children travelled with him to Canada upon his appointment as Governor General where her assistance in turning Rideau Hall into a centre of social activity included literary readings and presentation of plays in which she herself sometimes performed Lady Dufferin was one of the most popular of the governor generals wives and was starting to build up her reputation as the most effective diplomatic wife of her generation Next she joined him as he served as ambassador to Russia from 1879 to 1881 and to the Ottoman Empire from 1881 to 1884 where she received the Grand Crescent of the Ottoman Order of the Chefakat in 1883 followed by the Persian Order of the Sun in 1887 In both St Petersburg and Constantinople as at all their embassies the couple were known for their hospitality Work in India Lady Dufferin went with her husband to India in 1884 when he was appointed as the country s viceroy Prior to her departure she was asked by Queen Victoria to initiate a plan to improve the situation for women in India in illness and in child bearing In 1885 having successfully canvassed for substantial donations from Indian princes such as the Maharajahs of Kashmir and Durbungha Lady Dufferin established a fund the National Association for supplying Female Medical Aid to the Women of India known as the Countess of Dufferin Fund Whilst there had been previous initiatives to provide Western medical care for women in India Lady Dufferin s fund was the first to deliver a co ordinated programme with official backing The fund aimed to provide medical tuition to doctors hospital assistants nurses and midwives medical relief through dispensaries female wards female doctors and female hospitals The fund facilitated the provision of medical care for women by women in India recognising the reticence amongst women of some cultural and religious affiliations to seek care from male doctors To this end scholarships were set up to train Indian women in England and also for English and European women who would promise to practice in India Some of the early Indian women beneficiaries of this fund included Kadambini Basu who entered medical college in 1883 Anandabai Joshi and Rukhmabai As well as the numerous Lady Dufferin hospitals and clinics which were established some of which still exist under that name there are medical colleges and midwifery schools named after her This involved her in a great deal of fund raising and is sometimes referred to as her fardone work it was celebrated by Rudyard Kipling in his The Song of the Women The Countess of Dufferin fund was selected by the King in 1935 as one of the beneficiaries of the Indian Jubilee Fund Lady Dufferin herself sent a contribution of 100 towards this fund which was earmarked for the renovation of the Dufferin Hospital in Calcutta Lady Dufferin received the Order of the Crown of India in 1884 and the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert in 1895 Return to the UK When the Earl s term in India ended in 1888 they travelled back to their home at Clandeboye in Ireland and her husband was elevated in the peerage as the Marquess of Dufferin and Ava that same year He continued his ambassadorial career in Europe and the Marchioness accompanied him to Italy and France She published her memoirs based on the letters she had written to her mother Our Viceregal Life in India 1889 and My Canadian Journal 1891 They retired to Clandeboye in 1905 After her husband died in 1902 she spent much of her time in a relatively modest house in Chelsea London economising when possible to help her sons as the family fortune had been depleted by sales of land and unwise investments She wrote My Russian and Turkish Journals 1916 and was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1917 IssueThe first Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava had seven children None of her sons outlived her Archibald was killed in the Second Boer War Basil was killed in the First World War Terence died of pneumonia and her youngest Frederick was killed in a plane crash in 1930 She died in London in 1936 and was buried at Clandeboye Archibald Hamilton Temple Blackwood 2nd Earl of Ava 1863 1900 Lady Helen Hermione 1865 1941 married Ronald Munro Ferguson 1st Viscount Novar Terence John Temple 1866 1919 married Florence Hamilton Davis Lady Hermione Catherine Helen Hamilton Temple Blackwood 1869 1960 Lord Ian Basil Gawaine Temple Hamilton Temple Blackwood 1870 1917 Lady Victoria Alexandrina Hamilton Temple Blackwood 1873 1968 married firstly William Plunket 5th Baron Plunket and had 8 children married secondly Colonel Francis Powell Braithwaite Frederick Temple 1875 1930 married Brenda Woodhouse Dowager Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava during the First World War Her third son Basil in military uniform in 1916 Her third daughter Helen during the First World WarLegacyA Manitoba Historical Plaque was erected in Winnipeg Manitoba by the province to commemorate her role as the wife of the Governor General of Canada and thus in Manitoba s heritage ReferencesForster Ben 1994 Blackwood Hamilton Temple Blackwood Frederick Temple 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava Dictionary of Canadian Biography University of Toronto Universite Laval Retrieved 26 October 2014 Davenport Hines Richard January 2008 Blackwood Hariot Georgina Hamilton Temple marchioness of Dufferin and Ava 1843 1936 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 56107 Retrieved 26 October 2014 Subscription or UK public library membership required Women and modern medicine Conrad Lawrence I 1949 Hardy Anne 1953 Amsterdam Rodopi 2001 ISBN 9789042008717 OCLC 49321961 a href wiki Template Cite book title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint others link Lady Dufferin s Fund and Medical Training for Women Educated in Colonial India 1885 1920 Chomi Media 14 December 2014 Archived from the original on 29 September 2020 Retrieved 13 February 2019 Forbes Geraldine Hancock 2005 Women in colonial India essays on politics medicine and historiography New Delhi Chronicle Books ISBN 8180280179 OCLC 60396009 Davenport Hines Richard January 2008 Blackwood Hariot Georgina Hamilton Temple marchioness of Dufferin and Ava 1843 1936 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 56107 Retrieved 26 October 2014 Subscription or UK public library membership required The Song of the Women www kiplingsociety co uk Retrieved 21 January 2019 News in Brief The Times No 47051 30 April 1935 p 15 No 25423 The London Gazette 16 December 1884 p 5825 Court Circular Court and Social The Times No 32607 London 28 January 1889 col F p 9 No 30250 The London Gazette Supplement 24 August 1917 p 8794 Manitoba Plaque Gov mb ca Retrieved 27 March 2013 SourcesBurke s Peerage amp Gentry Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004 The Countess of Dufferin s Fund Archived 5 February 2012 at the Wayback MachineFurther readingLibrary resources about Hariot Hamilton Temple Blackwood Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Hariot Hamilton Temple Blackwood Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Media related to Hariot Hamilton Temple Blackwood Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava at Wikimedia Commons Kipling s Song of the Women Daniel Sanjiv Roberts Merely Birds of Passage Lady Hariot Dufferin s travel writings and medical work in India 1884 1888 in Women s History Review July 2006 Harold Nicolson Helen s Tower Constable 1937 a biography of Lord Dufferin written by Lady Dufferin s nephew Honorary titles Preceded by Viceregal Consort of Canada 1872 1878 Succeeded byPrincess Louise Marchioness of Lorne Preceded by Viceregal Consort of India 1884 1888 Succeeded byThe Marchioness of Lansdowne