The 1790–91 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 27, 1790, and October 11, 1791. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 2nd United States Congress convened on October 24, 1791. This was the first midterm election cycle, which took place in the middle of President George Washington's first term. The size of the House increased to 67 seats after the new state of Vermont elected its first representatives.
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All 67 seats in the United States House of Representatives 34 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![]() Results: Pro-Administration hold Pro-Administration gain Anti-Administration hold Anti-Administration gain Chesapeake gain Undistricted territory | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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While formal political parties still did not exist, coalitions of pro-Washington (Pro-Admin.) representatives and anti-Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union.
Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr., who became the 2nd Speaker of the House.
Retirements
Either five or six incumbents did not seek re-election.
Anti-Administration
- Maryland 4: William Smith retired.
- Virginia 6: Isaac Coles retired.
Aedanus Burke, a U.S. representative from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district, either retired or lost re-election but it is not known.
Pro-Administration
- Pennsylvania at-large: George Clymer retired.
- Pennsylvania at-large: Henry Wynkoop retired.
- Pennsylvania at-large: Thomas Scott retired.
Election summaries
In this period, each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections, as early as April 27, 1790 (in New York) and as late as October 11, 1791 (in Pennsylvania). Elections to a Congress took place both in the even-numbered year before and in the odd-numbered year when the Congress convened. In some states, the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress (on the 4th day of March in the odd-numbered year). The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24, 1791.
Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress, adding two seats each. The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4, 1791, the first day of the 2nd Congress, so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress, while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session.

State | Type | Date | Total seats | Pro- Administration | Anti- Administration | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Seats | Change | Seats | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New York | Districts | April 27–29, 1790 | 6 | 4 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New Hampshire | At-large | August 30, 1790 | 3 | 3 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Virginia | Districts | September 1, 1790 | 10 | 2 | ![]() | 8 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Connecticut | At-large | September 20, 1790 | 5 | 5 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maryland | Mixed | October 4, 1790 | 6 | 3 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Massachusetts | Districts | October 4, 1790 | 8 | 7 | ![]() | 1 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
South Carolina | Districts | October 12, 1790 | 5 | 3 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rhode Island | At-large | October 19, 1790 | 1 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Delaware | At-large | November 8, 1790 | 1 | 1 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Georgia | District | January 3, 1791 | 3 | 0 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
New Jersey | At-large | January 26, 1791 | 4 | 4 | ![]() | 0 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
North Carolina | Districts | January 28, 1791 | 5 | 2 | ![]() | 3 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Late elections (after the March 4, 1791, beginning of the term) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vermont | Districts | July 13, 1791 | 2 | 0 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pennsylvania | Districts | October 11, 1791 | 8 | 4 | ![]() | 4 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kentucky | Districts | June 1, 1792 | 2 | 0 | ![]() | 2 | ![]() | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total | 67 | 39 56.5% | ![]() | 30 43.5% | ![]() |
Change in composition
End of the last Congress
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Special elections
There were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress. New states and newly ratified states are not included as special elections.
Elections are sorted by date then district.
1st Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Virginia 9 | Theodorick Bland | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent died June 1, 1790. New member elected in July 1790. Anti-Administration hold. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. |
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Connecticut at-large | Pierpont Edwards | Pro- Administration | 1790 | Predecessor declined election. New member elected December 16, 1790. Pro-Administration hold. Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below. |
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2nd Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New York 1 | Vacant | Rep.-elect James Townsend (Pro-Admin.) died May 24, 1790. New member elected April 26–28, 1791. Anti-Administration gain. |
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Connecticut at-large | Roger Sherman | Pro- Administration | 1790 | Incumbent-and-Representative-elect resigned March 31, 1791, to become U.S. Senator. New member elected September 19, 1791. Pro-Administration hold. |
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Maryland 3 | William Pinkney | Pro- Administration | 1790 | Incumbent resigned. New member elected October 26–29, 1791 and seated February 5, 1792. Anti-Administration gain. |
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Connecticut
Connecticut elected all five of its representatives at-large on a general ticket on September 20, 1790.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Connecticut at-large 5 seats | Roger Sherman | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. Winner declined to serve and a new member would later be elected in a special election. |
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Benjamin Huntington | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. | ||
Jonathan Sturges | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Jonathan Trumbull Jr. | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | ||
Jeremiah Wadsworth | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. Winner declined to serve; the incumbent was re-elected in a special election. |
There were two subsequent special elections. The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards (Pro-Admin.) declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth (Pro-Admin.). The second was held September 19, 1791, to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman (Pro-Admin.)'s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned (Pro-Admin.).
Delaware
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Delaware at-large | John Vining | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Georgia
Georgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress. At the time, the districts were not numbered, but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd respectively here.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Georgia 1 "Southern (or Eastern) District" | James Jackson | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration hold. Election was subsequently successfully challenged, and the seat was declared vacant. |
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Georgia 2 "Middle District" | Abraham Baldwin | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Georgia 3 "Northern (or Western) District" | George Mathews | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration hold. |
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Kentucky
Kentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792.
Maryland
Under Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses "candidates were elected at-large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district."[citation needed]
In Maryland, two local factions briefly emerged, the Chesapeake and Potomac (or Potowmack) "parties". The Potomac faction, consisting of individuals from the small counties of southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore, aimed to maintain their status by curbing the increasing influence of the city of Baltimore and the more populous counties. To do so, they supported the development of the federal city and a canal on the Potomac River to secure their economic future. Conversely, the Chesapeake faction advocated for Baltimore's growth. Their strategy involved improving the Susquehanna River to channel the lucrative wheat trade from western Maryland and Pennsylvania through Baltimore. They also believed that political representation should reflect population growth patterns rather than be defined by the counties. They feared that a canal on the Potomac River would undermine Baltimore's prosperity by diverting trade to competitors like Georgetown, the proposed federal city, and Alexandria.
Temporarily setting aside differences at the national level, the "Chesapeake Ticket" was formed to punish incumbents who had supported the Potomac location for the proposed federal city. A "Potomac Ticket" was organized and led by Governor Smallwood. Turnout in Baltimore was around 99%, and almost every ballot was cast for the Chesapeake Ticket. Statewide, the ticket won an overwhelming majority, securing all six seats. This victory threatened the county-based rural oligarchy, prompting the House of Delegates to transition from a mixed system to a district-based system on December 19, 1790. Under this new system, all of Baltimore's votes would go to just one representative, Hartford County was grouped with Kent and Cecil Counties, and Anne Arundel County was grouped with Prince George's County and Annapolis. With the base of the Chesapeake "party" split between three districts, the Chesapeake faction would disappear. The political pattern created by this division would, however, "linger on indefinitely."
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Maryland 1 | Michael J. Stone | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. |
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Maryland 2 | Joshua Seney | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Maryland 3 | Benjamin Contee | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. Winner later resigned due to questions of eligibility due to his residence and was replaced in a special election by John Francis Mercer (Anti-Admin.). |
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Maryland 4 | William Smith | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Administration hold. |
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Maryland 5 | George Gale | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. |
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Maryland 6 | Daniel Carroll | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration gain. |
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Massachusetts
Massachusetts law required a majority for election. This condition was met in four of the eight districts, the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Massachusetts 1 | Fisher Ames | Pro- Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 2 | Benjamin Goodhue | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 3 | Elbridge Gerry | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 4 | Theodore Sedgwick | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Massachusetts 5 | George Partridge | Pro- Administration | 1788 | Incumbent resigned August 14, 1790. Pro-Administration hold. | First ballot (October 4, 1790)
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Massachusetts 6 | George Leonard Redistricted from the 7th district | Pro- Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | First ballot (October 4, 1790)
Second ballot (November 26, 1790)
Third ballot (January 25, 1791)
Fourth ballot (April 4, 1791)
Fifth ballot (July 18, 1791)
Sixth ballot (September 8, 1791)
Seventh ballot (November 11, 1791)
Eighth ballot (December 26, 1791)
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Massachusetts 7 | Jonathan Grout Redistricted from the 8th district | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. | First ballot (October 4, 1790)
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Massachusetts 8 | George Thatcher Redistricted from the 6th district | Pro- Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. | First ballot (October 4, 1790)
Second ballot (November 26, 1790)
Third ballot (January 25, 1791)
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New Hampshire
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Hampshire at-large 3 seats on a general ticket | Abiel Foster | Pro-Administration | 1789 (special) | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. |
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Samuel Livermore | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected as Pro-Administration. | ||
Nicholas Gilman | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
New Jersey
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New Jersey at-large 4 seats on a general ticket | Elias Boudinot | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
Others
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Lambert Cadwalader | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. | ||
James Schureman | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. | ||
Thomas Sinnickson | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration hold. |
New York
New York's districts were not numbered at the time, therefore the numbering here is retroactive.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
New York 1 | William Floyd | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. Winner died May 24, 1790, before the start of the 2nd Congress. A special election was then held (see above). |
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New York 2 | John Laurance | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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New York 3 | Egbert Benson | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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New York 4 | John Hathorn | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Anti-Administration hold. |
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New York 5 | Peter Silvester | Pro- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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New York 6 | Jeremiah Van Rensselaer | Anti- Administration | 1789 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. |
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North Carolina
North Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789, and elected its representatives after admission.
1st Congress
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
North Carolina 1 "Roanoke division" | State ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789. | First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. |
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North Carolina 2 "Edenton and New Bern division" | First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. |
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North Carolina 3 "Cape Fear division" | First member elected March 24, 1790. Anti-Administration win. Winner later lost re-election to the next term; see below. |
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North Carolina 4 "Yadkin division" | First member elected March 24, 1790. Pro-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. |
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North Carolina 5 "Western division" | First member elected March 24, 1790. Pro-Administration win. District covered areas that were ceded to in May 1790 to form the Southwest Territory, but member retained seat for the remainder of term. |
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2nd Congress
Due to the cession of North Carolina's trans-Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory, the territory of the old 5th district was lost. North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives, and so it redistricted for the Second Congress.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
North Carolina 1 "Yadkin Division" | John Steele Redistricted from the 4th district | Pro- Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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North Carolina 2 "Centre Division" | None (new district) | New seat. Anti-Administration gain. |
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North Carolina 3 | John Baptista Ashe Redistricted from the 1st district | Anti- Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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North Carolina 4 "Albemarle Division" | Hugh Williamson Redistricted from the 2nd district | Anti- Administration | 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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North Carolina 5 "Cape Fear Division" | Timothy Bloodworth Redistricted from the 3rd district | Anti- Administration | 1790 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. |
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania had elected its Representatives at-large in the 1st Congress, but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress. Five incumbents ran for re-election, four of whom won, while three others retired leaving three open seats. Two districts had no incumbents residing in them, while one (the 8th district) had a single representative who declined to run for re-election and one (the 2nd district) had three incumbents, only one of whom ran for re-election.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Pennsylvania 1 | Thomas Fitzsimons Redistricted from the at-large district | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Pennsylvania 2 | Frederick Muhlenberg Redistricted from the at-large district | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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George Clymer Redistricted from the at-large district | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss. | ||
Henry Wynkoop Redistricted from the at-large district | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired. Pro-Administration loss. | ||
Pennsylvania 3 | Peter Muhlenberg Redistricted from the at-large district | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. |
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Pennsylvania 4 | Daniel Hiester Redistricted from the at-large district | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Pennsylvania 5 | None (new district) | New seat. Pro-Administration gain. |
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Pennsylvania 6 | None (new district) | New seat. Anti-Administration gain. |
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Pennsylvania 7 | Thomas Hartley Redistricted from the at-large district | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Pennsylvania 8 | Thomas Scott Redistricted from the at-large district | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Administration gain. |
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Rhode Island
1st Congress
Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. It elected its representatives after admission.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Rhode Island at-large | State ratified the U.S. Constitution May 29, 1790. | First member elected August 31, 1790. Pro-Administration win. Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. |
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2nd Congress
Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18, 1790, about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state's late ratification of the Constitution.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Rhode Island at-large | Benjamin Bourne | Pro- Administration | August 1790 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
South Carolina 1 "Charleston Division" | William L. Smith | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 2 "Beaufort Division" | Aedanus Burke | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election. Pro-Administration gain. |
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South Carolina 3 "Georgetown Division" | Daniel Huger | Pro-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 4 "Camden Division" | Thomas Sumter | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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South Carolina 5 "Ninety-Six Division" | Thomas Tudor Tucker | Anti-Administration | 1788 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Vermont
Vermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress, with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress. Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives. Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office. In the 1st district, no candidate won a majority, necessitating a run-off.
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Vermont 1 "Western Division" | New state admitted. | First member elected. Anti-Administration win. | First ballot (July 13, 1791)
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Vermont 2 "Eastern Division" | New state admitted. | First member elected. Anti-Administration win. |
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Virginia
District | Incumbent | This race | |||
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Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates | |
Virginia 1 | Alexander White | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 2 | John Brown | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 3 | Andrew Moore | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 4 | Richard Bland Lee | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 5 | James Madison | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 6 | Isaac Coles | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent retired. Anti-Administration hold. |
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Virginia 7 | John Page | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 8 | Josiah Parker | Anti-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 9 | William B. Giles | Anti-Administration | 1790 (special) | Incumbent re-elected. |
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Virginia 10 | Samuel Griffin | Pro-Administration | 1789 | Incumbent re-elected as Anti-Administration. |
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See also
- 1790 United States elections
- List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)
- 1790–91 United States Senate elections
- 1st United States Congress
- 2nd United States Congress
Notes
- Excluding states that joined during the Second Congress and a very late run-off election in Massachusetts's 6th congressional district.
- 2 more seats were added by the admission of new states after the start of this Congress
- Includes the late election from Kentucky who was admitted to the union after the 2nd Congress had started to meet, and did not hold their elections for U.S. representatives until June 1791
- Including three Chesapeake members who were Pro-Administration
- Including three Chesapeake members who were Anti-Administration
- Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate, who had to choose one candidate from each district.
- add Massachusetts required a majority for electionitional trials were required in 4 districts, held between November 26, 1790, and April 2, 1792.
- A majority was required for election, which was not met in one of the districts necessitating a second election on September 6, 1791
- Only candidates with at least 1% of the vote listed
- Source does not give first name
- Source does not give numbers of votes or has incomplete data
- Changed from Pro-Administration to Anti-Administration between the 1st and 2nd Congresses
- and Had been Pro-Administration previous electionwould switch back to Pro-Administration in the next election
References
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
- Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (2013). Fighting for the Speakership: The House and the Rise of Party Government. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University. pp. 26–27.
- 1 Stat. 191
- "Connecticut 1790 U.S. House of Representatives". Tufts Digital Collations and Archives. A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825. Tufts University. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2018., citing The Connecticut Gazette (New London, CT). October 22, 1790.
- "Delaware 1790 U.S. House of Representatives". elections.lib.tufts.edu.
- "Mapping Early American Elections: 2nd Congress: Georgia 1791". earlyamericanelections.org. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2025.
- Ridgway, Whitman H. (2018). Community Leadership in Maryland, 1790-1840: A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9781469648040.
- Renzulli, L. Marx (1973). Maryland: the Federalist Years. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 149–155. ISBN 9780838679036.
- "Second Congress (membership roster)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
- Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project
- Lampi, Philip. "Pennsylvania 1791 U.S. House of Representatives, District 2". A New Nation Votes. American Antiquarian Society. Retrieved May 22, 2024.
Bibliography
- "A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787-1825". Tufts Digital Library, Tufts University. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2015.
- Dubin, Michael J. (March 1, 1998). 1788 United States Congressional Elections-1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses. McFarland and Company. ISBN 978-0786402830.
- Martis, Kenneth C. (January 1, 1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0029201701.
- "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives* 1789–Present". Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
- Mapping Early American Elections project team (2019). "Mapping Early American Elections". Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. Retrieved September 6, 2024.
External links
- Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)
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The 1790 91 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 27 1790 and October 11 1791 Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before or after the first session of the 2nd United States Congress convened on October 24 1791 This was the first midterm election cycle which took place in the middle of President George Washington s first term The size of the House increased to 67 seats after the new state of Vermont elected its first representatives 1790 91 United States House of Representatives elections 1788 amp 1789 April 27 1790 October 11 1791 1792 amp 1793 outgoing memberselected members All 67 seats in the United States House of Representatives 34 seats needed for a majority Majority party Minority party Leader Jonathan Trumbull Jr James Madison Party Pro Administration Anti Administration Leader s seat Connecticut at large Virginia 5th Last election 37 seats 28 seats Seats won 39 30 Seat change 2 2Results Pro Administration hold Pro Administration gain Anti Administration hold Anti Administration gain Chesapeake gain Undistricted territorySpeaker before election Frederick Muhlenberg Pro Administration Elected Speaker Jonathan Trumbull Jr Pro Administration While formal political parties still did not exist coalitions of pro Washington Pro Admin representatives and anti Administration representatives each gained two seats as a result of the addition of new states to the union Speaker Frederick Muhlenberg was succeeded by Jonathan Trumbull Jr who became the 2nd Speaker of the House RetirementsEither five or six incumbents did not seek re election Anti Administration Maryland 4 William Smith retired Virginia 6 Isaac Coles retired Aedanus Burke a U S representative from South Carolina s 2nd congressional district either retired or lost re election but it is not known Pro Administration Pennsylvania at large George Clymer retired Pennsylvania at large Henry Wynkoop retired Pennsylvania at large Thomas Scott retired Election summariesIn this period each state fixed its own date for congressional general elections as early as April 27 1790 in New York and as late as October 11 1791 in Pennsylvania Elections to a Congress took place both in the even numbered year before and in the odd numbered year when the Congress convened In some states the congressional delegation was not elected until after the legal start of the Congress on the 4th day of March in the odd numbered year The first session of this Congress was convened in Philadelphia on October 24 1791 Kentucky and Vermont became states during the 2nd Congress adding two seats each The legislation admitted Vermont was passed at the end of the 1st Congress taking effect on March 4 1791 the first day of the 2nd Congress so that Vermont was represented from the start of the Congress while Kentucky was unrepresented until the 2nd session State Type Date Total seats Pro Administration Anti Administration Seats Change Seats Change New York Districts April 27 29 1790 6 4 1 2 1 New Hampshire At large August 30 1790 3 3 1 0 1 Virginia Districts September 1 1790 10 2 1 8 1 Connecticut At large September 20 1790 5 5 0 Maryland Mixed October 4 1790 6 3 1 3 1 Massachusetts Districts October 4 1790 8 7 1 1 1 South Carolina Districts October 12 1790 5 3 1 2 1 Rhode Island At large October 19 1790 1 1 0 Delaware At large November 8 1790 1 1 0 Georgia District January 3 1791 3 0 3 New Jersey At large January 26 1791 4 4 0 North Carolina Districts January 28 1791 5 2 3 Late elections after the March 4 1791 beginning of the term Vermont Districts July 13 1791 2 0 2 2 Pennsylvania Districts October 11 1791 8 4 2 4 2 Kentucky Districts June 1 1792 2 0 2 2 Total 67 39 56 5 3 30 43 5 1 House seats Pro Admin 56 52 Anti Admin 43 48 Change in compositionEnd of the last Congress A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A V P P P Majority P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Beginning of the next Congress A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A P P P P Majority P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P Key A Anti Administration P Pro Administration V VacantSpecial electionsThere were special elections in 1790 and 1791 during the 1st United States Congress and 2nd United States Congress New states and newly ratified states are not included as special elections Elections are sorted by date then district 1st Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 9 Theodorick Bland Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent died June 1 1790 New member elected in July 1790 Anti Administration hold Winner was later elected to the next term see below Y William B Giles Anti Admin 54 5 Thomas Edmunds Pro Admin 45 5 Connecticut at large Pierpont Edwards Pro Administration 1790 Predecessor declined election New member elected December 16 1790 Pro Administration hold Winner had already been elected to the next term see below Y Jeremiah Wadsworth Pro Admin 48 6 Amasa Learned Pro Admin 23 9 Benjamin Huntington Pro Admin 13 2 Tapping Reeve Unknown 8 1 Stephen M Mitchell Unknown 4 1 James Davenport Unknown 1 5 John Chester Unknown 0 7 2nd Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New York 1 Vacant Rep elect James Townsend Pro Admin died May 24 1790 New member elected April 26 28 1791 Anti Administration gain Y Thomas Tredwell Anti Admin 26 2 John Vanderbilt Pro Admin 19 2 Henry Peters Pro Admin 14 5 Ezra L Hommedieu Anti Admin 14 2 Stephen Carman Anti Admin 14 1 Isaac Ledyard Pro Admin 11 8 Connecticut at large Roger Sherman Pro Administration 1790 Incumbent and Representative elect resigned March 31 1791 to become U S Senator New member elected September 19 1791 Pro Administration hold Y Amasa Learned Pro Admin data missing Maryland 3 William Pinkney Pro Administration 1790 Incumbent resigned New member elected October 26 29 1791 and seated February 5 1792 Anti Administration gain Y John Francis Mercer Anti Admin UnopposedConnecticutConnecticut elected all five of its representatives at large on a general ticket on September 20 1790 District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Connecticut at large 5 seats Roger Sherman Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Winner declined to serve and a new member would later be elected in a special election Y Roger Sherman Pro Admin 2 969 votes Y Pierpont Edwards Pro Admin 2 239 votes Y James Hillhouse Pro Admin 2 035 votes Y Jonathan Sturges Pro Admin 1 730 votes Y Jonathan Trumbull Jr Pro Admin 1 720 votes Tapping Reeve Pro Admin 1 672 votes Jeremiah Wadsworth Pro Admin 1 658 votes Amasa Learned Pro Admin 1 463 votes Stephen M Mitchell Pro Admin 1 435 votes Benjamin Huntington Pro Admin 1 372 votes John Chester Unknown 881 votes James Davenport Pro Admin 786 votes Benjamin Huntington Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold Jonathan Sturges Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Jonathan Trumbull Jr Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Jeremiah Wadsworth Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold Winner declined to serve the incumbent was re elected in a special election There were two subsequent special elections The first was held to fill the vacancy left by Pierpont Edwards Pro Admin declining to serve and was won by Jeremiah Wadsworth Pro Admin The second was held September 19 1791 to fill the vacancy left by Roger Sherman Pro Admin s election to the Senate and was won by Amasa Learned Pro Admin DelawareDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Delaware at large John Vining Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y John Vining Pro Admin 50 3 Joshua Clayton Pro Admin 28 9 Thomas Duff 20 8 GeorgiaGeorgia switched to a conventional district system for the Second Congress At the time the districts were not numbered but are retroactively renumbered as the 1st 2nd and 3rd respectively here District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Georgia 1 Southern or Eastern District James Jackson Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Anti Administration hold Election was subsequently successfully challenged and the seat was declared vacant Y Anthony Wayne Anti Admin 50 4 James Jackson Anti Admin 49 5 Others 0 2 Georgia 2 Middle District Abraham Baldwin Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Abraham Baldwin Anti Admin 56 2 Thomas P Carnes Anti Admin James Jackson Anti Admin 1 2 John Jones Unknown 0 3 Georgia 3 Northern or Western District George Mathews Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Anti Administration hold Y Francis Willis Anti Admin 66 5 George Mathews Anti Admin 33 5 KentuckyKentucky was admitted during the 2nd Congress and elected its first representatives in 1792 MarylandUnder Maryland law for the election for the 1st and 2nd Congresses candidates were elected at large but had to be residents of a specific district with the statewide vote determining winners from each district citation needed In Maryland two local factions briefly emerged the Chesapeake and Potomac or Potowmack parties The Potomac faction consisting of individuals from the small counties of southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore aimed to maintain their status by curbing the increasing influence of the city of Baltimore and the more populous counties To do so they supported the development of the federal city and a canal on the Potomac River to secure their economic future Conversely the Chesapeake faction advocated for Baltimore s growth Their strategy involved improving the Susquehanna River to channel the lucrative wheat trade from western Maryland and Pennsylvania through Baltimore They also believed that political representation should reflect population growth patterns rather than be defined by the counties They feared that a canal on the Potomac River would undermine Baltimore s prosperity by diverting trade to competitors like Georgetown the proposed federal city and Alexandria Temporarily setting aside differences at the national level the Chesapeake Ticket was formed to punish incumbents who had supported the Potomac location for the proposed federal city A Potomac Ticket was organized and led by Governor Smallwood Turnout in Baltimore was around 99 and almost every ballot was cast for the Chesapeake Ticket Statewide the ticket won an overwhelming majority securing all six seats This victory threatened the county based rural oligarchy prompting the House of Delegates to transition from a mixed system to a district based system on December 19 1790 Under this new system all of Baltimore s votes would go to just one representative Hartford County was grouped with Kent and Cecil Counties and Anne Arundel County was grouped with Prince George s County and Annapolis With the base of the Chesapeake party split between three districts the Chesapeake faction would disappear The political pattern created by this division would however linger on indefinitely District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Maryland 1 Michael J Stone Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain Y Philip Key Chesapeake Pro Admin 56 8 Michael J Stone Potomac Anti Admin 43 2 Maryland 2 Joshua Seney Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Joshua Seney Chesapeake Anti Admin 57 1 James Tilghman Potomac 42 9 Maryland 3 Benjamin Contee Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain Winner later resigned due to questions of eligibility due to his residence and was replaced in a special election by John Francis Mercer Anti Admin Y William Pinkney Chesapeake Pro Admin 61 6 Benjamin Contee Potomac Anti Admin 38 4 Maryland 4 William Smith Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent retired Anti Administration hold Y Samuel Sterett Chesapeake Anti Admin 100 Maryland 5 George Gale Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold Y William Vans Murray Chesapeake Pro Admin 56 4 George Gale Potomac Pro Admin 43 6 Maryland 6 Daniel Carroll Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Anti Administration gain Y Upton Sheredine Chesapeake Anti Admin 55 5 Daniel Carroll Potomac Pro Admin 44 5 MassachusettsMassachusetts law required a majority for election This condition was met in four of the eight districts the remaining four required between 2 and 9 ballots for election District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Massachusetts 1 Fisher Ames Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Fisher Ames Pro Admin 75 1 Benjamin Austin Anti Admin 16 1 Thomas Dawes Anti Admin 8 8 Massachusetts 2 Benjamin Goodhue Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Benjamin Goodhue Pro Admin 88 8 Samuel Holten Anti Admin 11 2 Massachusetts 3 Elbridge Gerry Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Elbridge Gerry Anti Admin 60 4 Nathaniel Gorham Pro Admin 39 6 Massachusetts 4 Theodore Sedgwick Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Theodore Sedgwick Pro Admin 75 0 Samuel Lyman Pro Admin 16 3 Scattering 8 7 Massachusetts 5 George Partridge Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent resigned August 14 1790 Pro Administration hold First ballot October 4 1790 Shearjashub Bourne Pro Admin 41 8 Thomas Davis Unknown 37 3 Joshua Thomas Unknown 20 9 Second ballot November 26 1790 Y Shearjashub Bourne Pro Admin 65 3 Joshua Thomas Unknown 27 2 Thomas Davis Unknown 7 5 Massachusetts 6 George Leonard Redistricted from the 7th district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected First ballot October 4 1790 Walter Spooner Unknown 25 5 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 22 6 George Leonard Pro Admin 22 3 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 16 7 David Cobb Pro Admin 12 9 Second ballot November 26 1790 Walter Spooner Unknown 24 8 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 28 4 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 25 7 George Leonard Pro Admin 12 5 David Cobb Pro Admin 8 6 Third ballot January 25 1791 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 33 9 Walter Spooner Unknown 28 3 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 24 0 George Leonard Pro Admin 8 5 David Cobb Pro Admin 5 3 Fourth ballot April 4 1791 Walter Spooner Unknown 38 8 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 38 8 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 15 7 George Leonard Pro Admin 5 3 David Cobb Pro Admin 1 5 Fifth ballot July 18 1791 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 42 3 George Leonard Pro Admin 29 3 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 21 8 Walter Spooner Unknown 6 6 Sixth ballot September 8 1791 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 42 2 George Leonard Pro Admin 41 6 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 16 2 Seventh ballot November 11 1791 George Leonard Pro Admin 45 6 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 32 0 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 22 5 Eighth ballot December 26 1791 George Leonard Pro Admin 45 0 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 31 6 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 22 2 Ninth ballot April 2 1792 Y George Leonard Pro Admin 55 6 Phanuel Bishop Anti Admin 27 7 Peleg Coffin Jr Pro Admin 16 7 Massachusetts 7 Jonathan Grout Redistricted from the 8th district Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain First ballot October 4 1790 Jonathan Grout Anti Admin 39 1 Artemas Ward Pro Admin 39 0 John Sprague Unknown 14 5 Nathan Tyler Unknown 7 4 Second ballot November 26 1790 Y Artemas Ward Pro Admin 56 6 Jonathan Grout Anti Admin 43 4 Massachusetts 8 George Thatcher Redistricted from the 6th district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected First ballot October 4 1790 George Thatcher Pro Admin 37 2 William Lithgow Unknown 22 3 Nathaniel Wells Pro Admin 16 1 Josiah Thatcher Unknown 9 2 William Martin Unknown 4 9 Arthur Noble Unknown 3 6 Daniel Davis Unknown 1 8 Peleg Wadsworth Pro Admin 1 5 Second ballot November 26 1790 George Thatcher Pro Admin 49 8 Nathaniel Wells Pro Admin 31 0 William Lithgow Unknown 14 8 Scattering 4 4 Third ballot January 25 1791 George Thatcher Pro Admin 49 1 William Lithgow Unknown 39 7 Nathaniel Wells Pro Admin 11 2 Fourth ballot April 4 1791 Y George Thatcher Pro Admin 52 3 William Lithgow Unknown 41 1 Nathaniel Wells Pro Admin 6 6 New HampshireDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Hampshire at large 3 seats on a general ticket Abiel Foster Pro Administration 1789 special Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold Y Samuel Livermore Pro Admin 25 1 Y Jeremiah Smith Pro Admin 13 1 Y Nicholas Gilman Pro Admin 11 8 John S Sherburne Anti Admin 11 1 Abiel Foster Pro Admin 8 5 James Sheafe Pro Admin 7 8 Nathaniel Peabody Pro Admin 7 0 Others 15 5 Samuel Livermore Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected as Pro Administration Nicholas Gilman Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected New JerseyDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New Jersey at large 4 seats on a general ticket Elias Boudinot Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Abraham Clark Pro Admin 19 9 Y Jonathan Dayton Pro Admin 13 8 Y Elias Boudinot Pro Admin 13 7 Y Aaron Kitchell Pro Admin 8 8 Lambert Cadwalader Pro Admin 7 0 James Linn Anti Admin 5 5 Thomas Sinnickson Pro Admin 5 1 Robert Hoops Unknown 4 9 Thomas Henderson Pro Admin 3 7 John Witherspoon Unknown 2 7 John Beatty Pro Admin 2 3 Others John Sheppard Unknown 1 9 Joseph Ellis Unknown 1 7 Robert Ogden Unknown 1 5 James Schureman Pro Admin 1 5 John Harring Unknown 1 1 John Hugg Unknown 1 1 Lambert Cadwalader Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold James Schureman Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold Thomas Sinnickson Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration hold New YorkNew York s districts were not numbered at the time therefore the numbering here is retroactive District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates New York 1 William Floyd Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain Winner died May 24 1790 before the start of the 2nd Congress A special election was then held see above Y James Townsend Pro Admin 35 5 John Vanderbilt Pro Admin 19 6 William Floyd Anti Admin 19 1 Thomas Tredwell Anti Admin 17 0 Ezra L Hommedieu Anti Admin 8 8 New York 2 John Laurance Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y John Laurance Pro Admin 98 4 Melancton Smith Anti Admin 1 6 New York 3 Egbert Benson Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Egbert Benson Pro Admin 60 8 Theodorus Bailey Anti Admin 39 2 New York 4 John Hathorn Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Anti Administration hold Y Cornelius C Schoonmaker Anti Admin 52 1 Peter Van Gaasbeck Pro Admin 43 7 John Hathorn Anti Admin 3 5 Christopher Tappen Anti Admin 0 8 New York 5 Peter Silvester Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Peter Silvester Pro Admin 58 4 John Livingston Anti Admin 41 6 New York 6 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain Y James Gordon Pro Admin 59 0 Jeremiah Van Rensselaer Anti Admin 41 0 North CarolinaNorth Carolina ratified the Constitution November 21 1789 and elected its representatives after admission 1st Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 1 Roanoke division State ratified the Constitution November 21 1789 First member elected March 24 1790 Anti Administration win Winner was later elected to the next term see below Y John B Ashe Anti Admin 48 9 Nathaniel Macon Anti Admin 41 5 Stephen Moore Unknown 8 9 Parsons Unknown 0 7 North Carolina 2 Edenton and New Bern division First member elected March 24 1790 Anti Administration win Winner was later elected to the next term see below Y Hugh Williamson Anti Admin 73 9 Stephen Cabarrus Unknown 26 0 North Carolina 3 Cape Fear division First member elected March 24 1790 Anti Administration win Winner later lost re election to the next term see below Y Timothy Bloodworth Anti Admin 98 4 Benjamin Smith Unknown 1 6 North Carolina 4 Yadkin division First member elected March 24 1790 Pro Administration win Winner was later elected to the next term see below Y John Steele Pro Admin Joseph MacDowell Unknown Waightstill Avery Unknown North Carolina 5 Western division First member elected March 24 1790 Pro Administration win District covered areas that were ceded to in May 1790 to form the Southwest Territory but member retained seat for the remainder of term Y John Sevier Pro Admin 2nd Congress Due to the cession of North Carolina s trans Appalachian territory to form the Southwest Territory the territory of the old 5th district was lost North Carolina retained the same number of Representatives and so it redistricted for the Second Congress District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates North Carolina 1 Yadkin Division John Steele Redistricted from the 4th district Pro Administration 1790 Incumbent re elected Y John Steele Pro Admin 87 3 Joseph MacDowell Anti Admin 12 7 North Carolina 2 Centre Division None new district New seat Anti Administration gain Y Nathaniel Macon Anti Admin Alexander Mebane Anti Admin North Carolina 3 John Baptista Ashe Redistricted from the 1st district Anti Administration 1790 Incumbent re elected Y Jonathan B Ashe Anti Admin North Carolina 4 Albemarle Division Hugh Williamson Redistricted from the 2nd district Anti Administration 1790 Incumbent re elected Y Hugh Williamson Anti Admin Charles Johnson Anti Admin North Carolina 5 Cape Fear Division Timothy Bloodworth Redistricted from the 3rd district Anti Administration 1790 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain Y William B Grove Pro Admin 65 2 Timothy Bloodworth Anti Admin 34 6 Benjamin Smith Pro Admin 0 2 PennsylvaniaPennsylvania had elected its Representatives at large in the 1st Congress but switched to using districts in the 2nd Congress Five incumbents ran for re election four of whom won while three others retired leaving three open seats Two districts had no incumbents residing in them while one the 8th district had a single representative who declined to run for re election and one the 2nd district had three incumbents only one of whom ran for re election District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Pennsylvania 1 Thomas Fitzsimons Redistricted from the at large district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Thomas Fitzsimons Pro Admin 85 1 Charles Thomson Anti Admin 14 9 Pennsylvania 2 Frederick Muhlenberg Redistricted from the at large district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Frederick Muhlenberg Pro Admin Amos Greg Anti Admin Dr Jones Unknown George Clymer Redistricted from the at large district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent retired Pro Administration loss Henry Wynkoop Redistricted from the at large district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent retired Pro Administration loss Pennsylvania 3 Peter Muhlenberg Redistricted from the at large district Anti Administration 1788 Incumbent lost re election Pro Administration gain Y Israel Jacobs Pro Admin 61 2 Peter Muhlenberg Anti Admin 38 8 Pennsylvania 4 Daniel Hiester Redistricted from the at large district Anti Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Daniel Hiester Anti Admin 100 Pennsylvania 5 None new district New seat Pro Administration gain Y John W Kittera Pro Admin 100 Pennsylvania 6 None new district New seat Anti Administration gain Y Andrew Gregg Anti Admin 51 2 John Allison Pro Admin 18 3 James McLean Anti Admin 10 9 Thomas Johnston Pro Admin 10 3 William Montgomery Anti Admin 9 3 Pennsylvania 7 Thomas Hartley Redistricted from the at large district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Thomas Hartley Pro Admin 71 1 William Irvine Anti Admin 28 9 Pennsylvania 8 Thomas Scott Redistricted from the at large district Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent retired Anti Administration gain Y William Findley Anti Admin 65 2 John Woods Pro Admin 34 8 Rhode Island1st Congress Rhode Island ratified the Constitution May 29 1790 It elected its representatives after admission District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Rhode Island at large State ratified the U S Constitution May 29 1790 First member elected August 31 1790 Pro Administration win Winner was later elected to the next term see below Y Benjamin Bourne Pro Admin 72 7 Job Comstock Unknown 23 2 James Sheldon Unknown 3 4 2nd Congress Rhode Island held elections for the 2nd Congress on October 18 1790 about six weeks after elections for the 1st Congress due to the state s late ratification of the Constitution District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Rhode Island at large Benjamin Bourne Pro Administration August 1790 Incumbent re elected Y Benjamin Bourne Pro Admin 56 6 Paul Mumford Unknown 33 0 James Sheldon Unknown 10 1 South CarolinaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates South Carolina 1 Charleston Division William L Smith Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y William L Smith Pro Admin South Carolina 2 Beaufort Division Aedanus Burke Anti Administration 1788 Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re election Pro Administration gain Y Robert Barnwell Pro Admin South Carolina 3 Georgetown Division Daniel Huger Pro Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Daniel Huger Pro Admin South Carolina 4 Camden Division Thomas Sumter Anti Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Thomas Sumter Anti Admin South Carolina 5 Ninety Six Division Thomas Tudor Tucker Anti Administration 1788 Incumbent re elected Y Thomas Tudor Tucker Anti Admin VermontVermont was admitted at the end of the First Congress with the admission taking effect at the start of the Second Congress Vermont was entitled to elect two representatives Vermont law at the time required a majority to win an office In the 1st district no candidate won a majority necessitating a run off District Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Vermont 1 Western Division New state admitted First member elected Anti Administration win First ballot July 13 1791 Matthew Lyon Anti Admin 28 7 Israel Smith Anti Admin 24 6 Isaac Tichenor Pro Admin 22 7 Samuel Hitchcock Unknown 18 1 Ira Allen Unknown 2 3 Ebenezer Marvin Unknown 1 6 Gideon Olin Unknown 1 3 Others 0 7 Second ballot September 6 1791 Y Israel Smith Anti Admin 68 4 Matthew Lyon Anti Admin 29 4 Isaac Tichenor Pro Admin 2 2 Vermont 2 Eastern Division New state admitted First member elected Anti Administration win Y Nathaniel Niles Anti Admin Stephen Jacob Unknown Daniel Buck Pro Admin VirginiaDistrict Incumbent This race Member Party First elected Results Candidates Virginia 1 Alexander White Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Alexander White Pro Admin 93 3 J P Duvall Unknown 6 7 Virginia 2 John Brown Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y John Brown Anti Admin James M Marshall Unknown Virginia 3 Andrew Moore Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Andrew Moore Anti Admin 100 Virginia 4 Richard Bland Lee Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Richard Bland Lee Pro Admin 62 1 Arthur Lee Anti Admin 37 9 Virginia 5 James Madison Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y James Madison Anti Admin 97 8 James Monroe Anti Admin 2 2 Virginia 6 Isaac Coles Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent retired Anti Administration hold Y Abraham B Venable Anti Admin Charles Lintch Unknown Charles Clay Unknown Virginia 7 John Page Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y John Page Anti Admin Meriwether Smith Unknown Francis Corbin Unknown Henry Lee Unknown Virginia 8 Josiah Parker Anti Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected Y Josiah Parker Anti Admin 76 1 Isaac Avery Unknown 23 9 Virginia 9 William B Giles Anti Administration 1790 special Incumbent re elected Y William B Giles Anti Admin 59 3 Thomas Edmonds Pro Admin 40 6 John Mason Unknown 0 1 Virginia 10 Samuel Griffin Pro Administration 1789 Incumbent re elected as Anti Administration Y Samuel Griffin Anti Admin See also1790 United States elections List of United States House of Representatives elections 1789 1822 1790 91 United States Senate elections 1st United States Congress 2nd United States CongressNotesExcluding states that joined during the Second Congress and a very late run off election in Massachusetts s 6th congressional district 2 more seats were added by the admission of new states after the start of this Congress Includes the late election from Kentucky who was admitted to the union after the 2nd Congress had started to meet and did not hold their elections for U S representatives until June 1791 Including three Chesapeake members who were Pro Administration Including three Chesapeake members who were Anti Administration Maryland had six representatives elected by the whole state electorate who had to choose one candidate from each district add Massachusetts required a majority for electionitional trials were required in 4 districts held between November 26 1790 and April 2 1792 A majority was required for election which was not met in one of the districts necessitating a second election on September 6 1791 Only candidates with at least 1 of the vote listed Source does not give first name Source does not give numbers of votes or has incomplete data Changed from Pro Administration to Anti Administration between the 1st and 2nd Congresses and Had been Pro Administration previous electionwould switch back to Pro Administration in the next electionReferences Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789 to Present US House of Representatives History Art amp Archives history house gov Retrieved June 30 2024 Jenkins Jeffrey A 2013 Fighting for the Speakership The House and the Rise of Party Government Princeton N J Princeton University pp 26 27 1 Stat 191 Connecticut 1790 U S House of Representatives Tufts Digital Collations and Archives A New Nation Votes American Election Returns 1787 1825 Tufts University Archived from the original on August 20 2020 Retrieved March 22 2018 citing The Connecticut Gazette New London CT October 22 1790 Delaware 1790 U S House of Representatives elections lib tufts edu Mapping Early American Elections 2nd Congress Georgia 1791 earlyamericanelections org Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media George Mason University 2019 Retrieved March 7 2025 Ridgway Whitman H 2018 Community Leadership in Maryland 1790 1840 A Comparative Analysis of Power in Society University of North Carolina Press ISBN 9781469648040 Renzulli L Marx 1973 Maryland the Federalist Years Fairleigh Dickinson University Press pp 149 155 ISBN 9780838679036 Second Congress membership roster PDF Archived from the original PDF on March 6 2013 Retrieved March 8 2013 Wilkes University Elections Statistics Project Lampi Philip Pennsylvania 1791 U S House of Representatives District 2 A New Nation Votes American Antiquarian Society Retrieved May 22 2024 Bibliography A New Nation Votes American Election Returns 1787 1825 Tufts Digital Library Tufts University Archived from the original on January 29 2015 Retrieved January 17 2015 Dubin Michael J March 1 1998 1788 United States Congressional Elections 1997 The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st Through 105th Congresses McFarland and Company ISBN 978 0786402830 Martis Kenneth C January 1 1989 The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress 1789 1989 Macmillan Publishing Company ISBN 978 0029201701 Party Divisions of the House of Representatives 1789 Present Office of the Historian United States House of Representatives Retrieved January 21 2015 Mapping Early American Elections project team 2019 Mapping Early American Elections Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media George Mason University Retrieved September 6 2024 External linksOffice of the Historian Office of Art amp Archives Office of the Clerk U S House of Representatives